Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Section 23.2135

spaschal on DSK3GDR082PROD with CFR

(1) Stall speed safety margins;
(2) Minimum control speeds; and
(3) Climb gradients.
(b) For single engine airplanes and
levels 1, 2, and 3 low-speed multiengine
airplanes, takeoff performance includes
the determination of ground roll and
initial climb distance to 50 feet (15 meters) above the takeoff surface.
(c) For levels 1, 2, and 3 high-speed
multiengine airplanes, and level 4 multiengine airplanes, takeoff performance
includes a determination the following
distances after a sudden critical loss of
thrust - 
(1) An aborted takeoff at critical
speed;
(2) Ground roll and initial climb to 35
feet (11 meters) above the takeoff surface; and
(3) Net takeoff flight path.
Section 23.2120 Climb requirements.
The design must comply with the following minimum climb performance
out of ground effect:
(a) With all engines operating and in
the initial climb configuration - 
(1) For levels 1 and 2 low-speed airplanes, a climb gradient of 8.3 percent
for landplanes and 6.7 percent for seaplanes and amphibians; and
(2) For levels 1 and 2 high-speed airplanes, all level 3 airplanes, and level 4
single-engines a climb gradient after
takeoff of 4 percent.
(b) After a critical loss of thrust on
multiengine airplanes - 
(1) For levels 1 and 2 low-speed airplanes that do not meet single-engine
crashworthiness requirements, a climb
gradient of 1.5 percent at a pressure altitude of 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) in the
cruise configuration(s);
(2) For levels 1 and 2 high-speed airplanes, and level 3 low-speed airplanes,
a 1 percent climb gradient at 400 feet
(122 meters) above the takeoff surface
with the landing gear retracted and
flaps in the takeoff configuration(s);
and
(3) For level 3 high-speed airplanes
and all level 4 airplanes, a 2 percent
climb gradient at 400 feet (122 meters)
above the takeoff surface with the
landing gear retracted and flaps in the
approach configuration(s).
(c) For a balked landing, a climb gradient of 3 percent without creating

undue pilot workload with the landing
gear extended and flaps in the landing
configuration(s).
Section 23.2125

Climb information.

(a) The applicant must determine
climb performance at each weight, altitude, and ambient temperature within
the operating limitations - 
(1) For all single-engine airplanes;
(2) For levels 1 and 2 high-speed multiengine airplanes and level 3 multiengine airplanes, following a critical loss
of thrust on takeoff in the initial climb
configuration; and
(3) For all multiengine airplanes,
during the enroute phase of flight with
all engines operating and after a critical loss of thrust in the cruise configuration.
(b) The applicant must determine the
glide performance for single-engine airplanes after a complete loss of thrust.
Section 23.2130

Landing.

The applicant must determine the
following, for standard temperatures at
critical combinations of weight and altitude within the operational limits:
(a) The distance, starting from a
height of 50 feet (15 meters) above the
landing surface, required to land and
come to a stop.
(b) The approach and landing speeds,
configurations, and procedures, which
allow a pilot of average skill to land
within the published landing distance
consistently and without causing damage or injury, and which allow for a
safe transition to the balked landing
conditions of this part accounting for:
(1) Stall speed safety margin; and
(2) Minimum control speeds.
FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Section 23.2135

Controllability.

(a) The airplane must be controllable
and maneuverable, without requiring
exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or
strength, within the operating envelope - 
(1) At all loading conditions for
which certification is requested;
(2) During all phases of flight;
(3) With likely reversible flight control or propulsion system failure; and
(4) During configuration changes.

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