Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Section 27.865

Section 27.861 Fire protection of structure,
controls, and other parts.
Each part of the structure, controls,
rotor mechanism, and other parts essential to a controlled landing that
would be affected by powerplant fires
must be fireproof or protected so they
can perform their essential functions
for at least 5 minutes under any foreseeable powerplant fire conditions.
[Amdt. 27-26, 55 FR 8001, Mar. 6, 1990]

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Section 27.863 Flammable fluid fire protection.
(a) In each area where flammable
fluids or vapors might escape by leakage of a fluid system, there must be
means to minimize the probability of
ignition of the fluids and vapors, and
the resultant hazards if ignition does
occur.
(b) Compliance with paragraph (a) of
this section must be shown by analysis
or tests, and the following factors must
be considered:
(1) Possible sources and paths of fluid
leakage, and means of detecting leakage.
(2) Flammability characteristics of
fluids, including effects of any combustible or absorbing materials.
(3) Possible ignition sources, including electrical faults, overheating of
equipment, and malfunctioning of protective devices.
(4) Means available for controlling or
extinguishing a fire, such as stopping
flow of fluids, shutting down equipment, fireproof containment, or use of
extinguishing agents.
(5) Ability of rotorcraft components
that are critical to safety of flight to
withstand fire and heat.
(c) If action by the flight crew is required to prevent or counteract a fluid
fire (e.g. equipment shutdown or actuation of a fire extinguisher) quick acting means must be provided to alert
the crew.
(d) Each area where flammable fluids
or vapors might escape by leakage of a
fluid system must be identified and defined.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, Federal Aviation
Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424),
sec. 6(c), Dept. of Transportation Act (49
U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Amdt. 27-16, 43 FR 50599, Oct. 30, 1978]

EXTERNAL LOADS
Section 27.865 External loads.
(a) It must be shown by analysis,
test, or both, that the rotorcraft external load attaching means for rotorcraft-load combinations to be used for
nonhuman external cargo applications
can withstand a limit static load equal
to 2.5, or some lower load factor approved under SectionSection 27.337 through 27.341,
multiplied by the maximum external
load for which authorization is requested. It must be shown by analysis,
test, or both that the rotorcraft external load attaching means and corresponding personnel carrying device
system for rotorcraft-load combinations to be used for human external
cargo applications can withstand a
limit static load equal to 3.5 or some
lower load factor, not less than 2.5, approved under SectionSection 27.337 through 27.341,
multiplied by the maximum external
load for which authorization is requested. The load for any rotorcraftload combination class, for any external cargo type, must be applied in the
vertical direction. For jettisonable external loads of any applicable external
cargo type, the load must also be applied in any direction making the maximum angle with the vertical that can
be achieved in service but not less than
30Section. However, the 30Section angle may be reduced to a lesser angle if - 
(1) An operating limitation is established limiting external load operations to such angles for which compliance with this paragraph has been
shown; or
(2) It is shown that the lesser angle
can not be exceeded in service.
(b) The external load attaching
means, for jettisonable rotorcraft-load
combinations, must include a quick-release system to enable the pilot to release the external load quickly during
flight. The quick-release system must
consist of a primary quick release subsystem and a backup quick release subsystem that are isolated from one another. The quick-release system, and
the means by which it is controlled,
must comply with the following:
(1) A control for the primary quick
release subsystem must be installed either on one of the pilot-s primary controls or in an equivalently accessible

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