657 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 29.1323 

I

NSTRUMENTS

: I

NSTALLATION

 

§ 29.1321

Arrangement and visibility. 

(a) Each flight, navigation, and pow-

erplant instrument for use by any pilot 
must be easily visible to him from his 
station with the minimum practicable 
deviation from his normal position and 
line of vision when he is looking for-
ward along the flight path. 

(b) Each instrument necessary for 

safe operation, including the airspeed 
indicator, gyroscopic direction indi-
cator, gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indi-
cator, slip-skid indicator, altimeter, 
rate-of-climb indicator, rotor tachom-
eters, and the indicator most rep-
resentative of engine power, must be 
grouped and centered as nearly as prac-
ticable about the vertical plane of the 
pilot’s forward vision. In addition, for 
rotorcraft approved for IFR flight— 

(1) The instrument that most effec-

tively indicates attitude must be on 
the panel in the top center position; 

(2) The instrument that most effec-

tively indicates direction of flight 
must be adjacent to and directly below 
the attitude instrument; 

(3) The instrument that most effec-

tively indicates airspeed must be adja-
cent to and to the left of the attitude 
instrument; and 

(4) The instrument that most effec-

tively indicates altitude or is most fre-
quently utilized in control of altitude 
must be adjacent to and to the right of 
the attitude instrument. 

(c) Other required powerplant instru-

ments must be closely grouped on the 
instrument panel. 

(d) Identical powerplant instruments 

for the engines must be located so as to 
prevent any confusion as to which en-
gine each instrument relates. 

(e) Each powerplant instrument vital 

to safe operation must be plainly visi-
ble to appropriate crewmembers. 

(f) Instrument panel vibration may 

not damage, or impair the readability 
or accuracy of, any instrument. 

(g) If a visual indicator is provided to 

indicate malfunction of an instrument, 

it must be effective under all probable 
cockpit lighting conditions. 

(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Fed-
eral Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c), Dept. 
of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c))) 

[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as 
amended by Amdt. 29–14, 42 FR 36972, July 18, 
1977; Amdt. 29–21, 48 FR 4391, Jan. 31, 1983] 

§ 29.1322

Warning, caution, and advi-

sory lights. 

If warning, caution or advisory lights 

are installed in the cockpit they must, 
unless otherwise approved by the Ad-
ministrator, be— 

(a) Red, for warning lights (lights in-

dicating a hazard which may require 
immediate corrective action); 

(b) Amber, for caution lights (lights 

indicating the possible need for future 
corrective action); 

(c) Green, for safe operation lights; 

and 

(d) Any other color, including white, 

for lights not described in paragraphs 
(a) through (c) of this section, provided 
the color differs sufficiently from the 
colors prescribed in paragraphs (a) 
through (c) of this section to avoid pos-
sible confusion. 

[Amdt. 29–12, 41 FR 55474, Dec. 20, 1976] 

§ 29.1323

Airspeed indicating system. 

For each airspeed indicating system, 

the following apply: 

(a) Each airspeed indicating instru-

ment must be calibrated to indicate 
true airspeed (at sea level with a stand-
ard atmosphere) with a minimum prac-
ticable instrument calibration error 
when the corresponding pitot and stat-
ic pressures are applied. 

(b) Each system must be calibrated 

to determine system error excluding 
airspeed instrument error. This cali-
bration must be determined— 

(1) In level flight at speeds of 20 

knots and greater, and over an appro-
priate range of speeds for flight condi-
tions of climb and autorotation; and 

(2) During takeoff, with repeatable 

and readable indications that ensure— 

(i) Consistent realization of the field 

lengths specified in the Rotorcraft 
Flight Manual; and 

(ii) Avoidance of the critical areas of 

the height-velocity envelope as estab-
lished under § 29.87. 

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