Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Section 29.1323
it must be effective under all probable
cockpit lighting conditions.

INSTRUMENTS: INSTALLATION

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Section 29.1321

Arrangement and visibility.

(a) Each flight, navigation, and powerplant instrument for use by any pilot
must be easily visible to him from his
station with the minimum practicable
deviation from his normal position and
line of vision when he is looking forward along the flight path.
(b) Each instrument necessary for
safe operation, including the airspeed
indicator, gyroscopic direction indicator, gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator, slip-skid indicator, altimeter,
rate-of-climb indicator, rotor tachometers, and the indicator most representative of engine power, must be
grouped and centered as nearly as practicable about the vertical plane of the
pilot-s forward vision. In addition, for
rotorcraft approved for IFR flight - 
(1) The instrument that most effectively indicates attitude must be on
the panel in the top center position;
(2) The instrument that most effectively indicates direction of flight
must be adjacent to and directly below
the attitude instrument;
(3) The instrument that most effectively indicates airspeed must be adjacent to and to the left of the attitude
instrument; and
(4) The instrument that most effectively indicates altitude or is most frequently utilized in control of altitude
must be adjacent to and to the right of
the attitude instrument.
(c) Other required powerplant instruments must be closely grouped on the
instrument panel.
(d) Identical powerplant instruments
for the engines must be located so as to
prevent any confusion as to which engine each instrument relates.
(e) Each powerplant instrument vital
to safe operation must be plainly visible to appropriate crewmembers.
(f) Instrument panel vibration may
not damage, or impair the readability
or accuracy of, any instrument.
(g) If a visual indicator is provided to
indicate malfunction of an instrument,

(Secs. 313(a), 601, 603, 604, and 605 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a),
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c), Dept.
of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 5084, 29 FR 16150, Dec. 3, 1964, as
amended by Amdt. 29-14, 42 FR 36972, July 18,
1977; Amdt. 29-21, 48 FR 4391, Jan. 31, 1983]

Section 29.1322 Warning, caution, and advisory lights.
If warning, caution or advisory lights
are installed in the cockpit they must,
unless otherwise approved by the Administrator, be - 
(a) Red, for warning lights (lights indicating a hazard which may require
immediate corrective action);
(b) Amber, for caution lights (lights
indicating the possible need for future
corrective action);
(c) Green, for safe operation lights;
and
(d) Any other color, including white,
for lights not described in paragraphs
(a) through (c) of this section, provided
the color differs sufficiently from the
colors prescribed in paragraphs (a)
through (c) of this section to avoid possible confusion.
[Amdt. 29-12, 41 FR 55474, Dec. 20, 1976]

Section 29.1323 Airspeed indicating system.
For each airspeed indicating system,
the following apply:
(a) Each airspeed indicating instrument must be calibrated to indicate
true airspeed (at sea level with a standard atmosphere) with a minimum practicable instrument calibration error
when the corresponding pitot and static pressures are applied.
(b) Each system must be calibrated
to determine system error excluding
airspeed instrument error. This calibration must be determined - 
(1) In level flight at speeds of 20
knots and greater, and over an appropriate range of speeds for flight conditions of climb and autorotation; and
(2) During takeoff, with repeatable
and readable indications that ensure - 
(i) Consistent realization of the field
lengths specified in the Rotorcraft
Flight Manual; and
(ii) Avoidance of the critical areas of
the height-velocity envelope as established under Section 29.87.

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