609 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 61.187 

spin recovery procedures for the prac-
tical test, provided that the practical 
test is not a retest as a result of the ap-
plicant failing the previous test for de-
ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or 
spin recovery instructional procedures. 
If the retest is a result of deficiencies 
in the ability of an applicant to dem-
onstrate knowledge or skill of stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re-
covery instructional procedures, the 
examiner must test the person on stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin 
recovery instructional procedures in an 
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that 
is certificated for spins; 

(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in 

command in the category and class of 
aircraft that is appropriate to the 
flight instructor rating sought; and 

(k) Comply with the appropriate sec-

tions of this part that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] 

§ 61.185

Aeronautical knowledge. 

(a) A person who is applying for a 

flight instructor certificate must re-
ceive and log ground training from an 
authorized instructor on: 

(1) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, the fundamentals of 
instructing, including: 

(i) The learning process; 
(ii) Elements of effective teaching; 
(iii) Student evaluation and testing; 
(iv) Course development; 
(v) Lesson planning; and 
(vi) Classroom training techniques. 
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for a recreational, private, and com-
mercial pilot certificate applicable to 
the aircraft category for which flight 
instructor privileges are sought; and 

(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for the instrument rating applicable to 
the category for which instrument 
flight instructor privileges are sought. 

(b) The following applicants do not 

need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of 
this section: 

(1) The holder of a flight instructor 

certificate or ground instructor certifi-
cate issued under this part; 

(2) The holder of a current teacher’s 

certificate issued by a State, county, 

city, or municipality that authorizes 
the person to teach at an educational 
level of the 7th grade or higher; or 

(3) A person employed as a teacher at 

an accredited college or university. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] 

§ 61.187

Flight proficiency. 

(a) 

General. 

A person who is applying 

for a flight instructor certificate must 
receive and log flight and ground train-
ing from an authorized instructor on 
the areas of operation listed in this 
section that apply to the flight instruc-
tor rating sought. The applicant’s log-
book must contain an endorsement 
from an authorized instructor certi-
fying that the person is proficient to 
pass a practical test on those areas of 
operation. 

(b) 

Areas of operation. 

(1) For an air-

plane category rating with a single-en-
gine class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations; 

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance maneuvers; 
(x) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; 
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; 
(xiii) Emergency operations; and 
(xiv) Postflight procedures. 
(2) For an airplane category rating 

with a multiengine class rating: 

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; 
(ii) Technical subject areas; 
(iii) Preflight preparation; 
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver 

to be performed in flight; 

(v) Preflight procedures; 
(vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations; 

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- 

arounds; 

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 
(ix) Performance maneuvers; 
(x) Ground reference maneuvers; 
(xi) Slow flight and stalls; 
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; 
(xiii) Emergency operations; 

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