523 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 61.31 

§ 61.31

Type rating requirements, addi-

tional training, and authorization 
requirements. 

(a) 

Type ratings required. 

A person 

who acts as a pilot in command of any 
of the following aircraft must hold a 
type rating for that aircraft: 

(1) Large aircraft (except lighter- 

than-air). 

(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. 
(3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad-

ministrator through aircraft type cer-
tificate procedures. 

(b) 

Authorization in lieu of a type rat-

ing. 

A person may be authorized to op-

erate without a type rating for up to 60 
days an aircraft requiring a type rat-
ing, provided— 

(1) The Administrator has authorized 

the flight or series of flights; 

(2) The Administrator has deter-

mined that an equivalent level of safe-
ty can be achieved through the oper-
ating limitations on the authorization; 

(3) The person shows that compliance 

with paragraph (a) of this section is 
impracticable for the flight or series of 
flights; and 

(4) The flight— 
(i) Involves only a ferry flight, train-

ing flight, test flight, or practical test 
for a pilot certificate or rating; 

(ii) Is within the United States; 
(iii) Does not involve operations for 

compensation or hire unless the com-
pensation or hire involves payment for 
the use of the aircraft for training or 
taking a practical test; and 

(iv) Involves only the carriage of 

flight crewmembers considered essen-
tial for the flight. 

(5) If the flight or series of flights 

cannot be accomplished within the 
time limit of the authorization, the 
Administrator may authorize an addi-
tional period of up to 60 days to accom-
plish the flight or series of flights. 

(c) 

Aircraft category, class, and type 

ratings: Limitations on the carriage of 
persons, or operating for compensation or 
hire. 

Unless a person holds a category, 

class, and type rating (if a class and 
type rating is required) that applies to 
the aircraft, that person may not act 
as pilot in command of an aircraft that 
is carrying another person, or is oper-
ated for compensation or hire. That 
person also may not act as pilot in 

command of that aircraft for com-
pensation or hire. 

(d) 

Aircraft category, class, and type 

ratings: Limitations on operating an air-
craft as the pilot in command. 

To serve 

as the pilot in command of an aircraft, 
a person must— 

(1) Hold the appropriate category, 

class, and type rating (if a class or type 
rating is required) for the aircraft to be 
flown; or 

(2) Have received training required by 

this part that is appropriate to the 
pilot certification level, aircraft cat-
egory, class, and type rating (if a class 
or type rating is required) for the air-
craft to be flown, and have received an 
endorsement for solo flight in that air-
craft from an authorized instructor. 

(e) 

Additional training required for op-

erating complex airplanes. 

(1) Except as 

provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec-
tion, no person may act as pilot in 
command of a complex airplane, unless 
the person has— 

(i) Received and logged ground and 

flight training from an authorized in-
structor in a complex airplane, or in a 
full flight simulator or flight training 
device that is representative of a com-
plex airplane, and has been found pro-
ficient in the operation and systems of 
the airplane; and 

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement 

in the pilot’s logbook from an author-
ized instructor who certifies the person 
is proficient to operate a complex air-
plane. 

(2) The training and endorsement re-

quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec-
tion is not required if— 

(i) The person has logged flight time 

as pilot in command of a complex air-
plane, or in a full flight simulator or 
flight training device that is represent-
ative of a complex airplane prior to Au-
gust 4, 1997; or 

(ii) The person has received ground 

and flight training under an approved 
training program and has satisfactorily 
completed a competency check under 
§ 135.293 of this chapter in a complex 
airplane, or in a full flight simulator or 
flight training device that is represent-
ative of a complex airplane which must 
be documented in the pilot’s logbook or 
training record. 

(f) 

Additional training required for op-

erating high-performance airplanes. 

(1) 

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