828 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 91.1097 

aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a 
flight training device. 

(b) The observation check required 

by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is 
considered to have been completed in 
the month required if completed in the 
month before, or the month after, the 
month in which it is due. 

(c) The initial ground training for 

flight instructors must include the fol-
lowing: 

(1) Flight instructor duties, func-

tions, and responsibilities. 

(2) The applicable Code of Federal 

Regulations and the program man-
ager’s policies and procedures. 

(3) The applicable methods, proce-

dures, and techniques for conducting 
flight instruction. 

(4) Proper evaluation of student per-

formance including the detection of— 

(i) Improper and insufficient train-

ing; and 

(ii) Personal characteristics of an ap-

plicant that could adversely affect 
safety. 

(5) The corrective action in the case 

of unsatisfactory training progress. 

(6) The approved methods, proce-

dures, and limitations for performing 
the required normal, abnormal, and 
emergency procedures in the aircraft. 

(7) Except for holders of a flight in-

structor certificate— 

(i) The fundamental principles of the 

teaching-learning process; 

(ii) Teaching methods and proce-

dures; and 

(iii) The instructor-student relation-

ship. 

(d) The transition ground training for 

flight instructors must include the ap-
proved methods, procedures, and limi-
tations for performing the required 
normal, abnormal, and emergency pro-
cedures applicable to the type, class, or 
category aircraft to which the flight 
instructor is in transition. 

(e) The initial and transition flight 

training for flight instructors (aircraft) 
must include the following— 

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during instruction; 

(2) The potential results of improper 

or untimely safety measures during in-
struction; 

(3) Training and practice from the 

left and right pilot seats in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency maneuvers to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart; and 

(4) The safety measures to be taken 

from either the left or right pilot seat 
for emergency situations that are like-
ly to develop during instruction. 

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) 

of this section may be accomplished in 
full or in part in flight, in a flight sim-
ulator, or in a flight training device, as 
appropriate. 

(g) The initial and transition flight 

training for a flight instructor (simu-
lator) must include the following: 

(1) Training and practice in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart. These maneu-
vers and procedures must be accom-
plished in full or in part in a flight sim-
ulator or in a flight training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of flight 

simulators, flight training devices, or 
both, to ensure competence to conduct 
the flight instruction required by this 
subpart. 

§ 91.1097

Pilot and flight attendant 

crewmember training programs. 

(a) Each program manager must es-

tablish and maintain an approved pilot 
training program, and each program 
manager who uses a flight attendant 
crewmember must establish and main-
tain an approved flight attendant 
training program, that is appropriate 
to the operations to which each pilot 
and flight attendant is to be assigned, 
and will ensure that they are ade-
quately trained to meet the applicable 
knowledge and practical testing re-
quirements of §§ 91.1065 through 91.1071. 

(b) Each program manager required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section must include 
in that program ground and flight 
training curriculums for— 

(1) Initial training; 
(2) Transition training; 
(3) Upgrade training; 
(4) Differences training; 
(5) Recurrent training; and 
(6) Requalification training. 

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