829 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.1101 

(c) Each program manager must pro-

vide current and appropriate study ma-
terials for use by each required pilot 
and flight attendant. 

(d) The program manager must fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program, 
and all changes and additions, to the 
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the program manager uses 
training facilities of other persons, a 
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties must also be furnished. Curricula 
that follow FAA published curricula 
may be cited by reference in the copy 
of the training program furnished to 
the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with 
the program. 

§ 91.1099

Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements. 

No program manager may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a 
crewmember in operations under this 
subpart unless that crewmember has 
completed the appropriate initial or re-
current training phase of the training 
program appropriate to the type of op-
eration in which the crewmember is to 
serve since the beginning of the 12th 
month before that service. 

§ 91.1101

Pilots: Initial, transition, and 

upgrade ground training. 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 

ground training for pilots must include 
instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The program manager’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below Decision Altitude or MDA; 
and 

(8) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (that is, 

flight controls, electrical, and hydrau-
lic), other systems, as appropriate, 
principles of normal, abnormal, and 
emergency operations, appropriate pro-
cedures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetration al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 
air turbulence), inflight icing, hail, and 
other potentially hazardous meteoro-
logical conditions; and 

(iv) Operating airplanes during 

ground icing conditions, (that is, any 
time conditions are such that frost, 
ice, or snow may reasonably be ex-
pected to adhere to the aircraft), if the 
program manager expects to authorize 
takeoffs in ground icing conditions, in-
cluding: 

(A) The use of holdover times when 

using deicing/anti-icing fluids; 

(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing proce-

dures, including inspection and check 
procedures and responsibilities; 

(C) Communications; 
(D) Airplane surface contamination 

(that is, adherence of frost, ice, or 
snow) and critical area identification, 
and knowledge of how contamination 
adversely affects airplane performance 
and flight characteristics; 

(E) Types and characteristics of deic-

ing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the pro-
gram manager; 

(F) Cold weather preflight inspection 

procedures; 

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