717 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.109 

§ 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter may 
continue to bear a label or markings 
showing FAA approval in accordance 
with § 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter. 

(

4

) Except as provided in 

§ 91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)(

3

)(

iii

) and 

§ 91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)(

3

)(

iv

), booster-type 

child restraint systems (as defined in 
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 
No. 213 (49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and har-
ness-type child restraint systems, and 
lap held child restraints are not ap-
proved for use in aircraft; and 

(C) The operator complies with the 

following requirements: 

(

1

) The restraint system must be 

properly secured to an approved for-
ward-facing seat or berth; 

(

2

) The child must be properly se-

cured in the restraint system and must 
not exceed the specified weight limit 
for the restraint system; and 

(

3

) The restraint system must bear 

the appropriate label(s). 

(b) Unless otherwise stated, this sec-

tion does not apply to operations con-
ducted under part 121, 125, or 135 of this 
chapter. Paragraph (a)(3) of this sec-
tion does not apply to persons subject 
to § 91.105. 

[Doc. No. 26142, 57 FR 42671, Sept. 15, 1992, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–250, 61 FR 28421, June 
4, 1996; Amdt. 91–289, 70 FR 50906, Aug. 26, 
2005; Amdt. 91–292, 71 FR 40009, July 14, 2006; 
Amdt. 91–317, 75 FR 48857, Aug. 12, 2010; 
Amdt. 91–332, 79 FR 28812, May 20, 2014] 

§ 91.109

Flight instruction; Simulated 

instrument flight and certain flight 
tests. 

(a) No person may operate a civil air-

craft (except a manned free balloon) 
that is being used for flight instruction 
unless that aircraft has fully func-
tioning dual controls. However, instru-
ment flight instruction may be given 
in an airplane that is equipped with a 
single, functioning throwover control 
wheel that controls the elevator and 
ailerons, in place of fixed, dual con-
trols, when— 

(1) The instructor has determined 

that the flight can be conducted safely; 
and 

(2) The person manipulating the con-

trols has at least a private pilot certifi-
cate with appropriate category and 
class ratings. 

(b) An airplane equipped with a sin-

gle, functioning throwover control 

wheel that controls the elevator and 
ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls 
may be used for flight instruction to 
conduct a flight review required by 
§ 61.56 of this chapter, or to obtain re-
cent flight experience or an instrument 
proficiency check required by § 61.57 
when— 

(1) The airplane is equipped with op-

erable rudder pedals at both pilot sta-
tions; 

(2) The pilot manipulating the con-

trols is qualified to serve and serves as 
pilot in command during the entire 
flight; 

(3) The instructor is current and 

qualified to serve as pilot in command 
of the airplane, meets the requirements 
of § 61.195(b), and has logged at least 25 
hours of pilot-in-command flight time 
in the make and model of airplane; and 

(4) The pilot in command and the in-

structor have determined the flight can 
be conducted safely. 

(c) No person may operate a civil air-

craft in simulated instrument flight 
unless— 

(1) The other control seat is occupied 

by a safety pilot who possesses at least: 

(i) A private pilot certificate with 

category and class ratings appropriate 
to the aircraft being flown; or 

(ii) For purposes of providing train-

ing for a solo cross-country endorse-
ment under § 61.93 of this chapter, a 
flight instructor certificate with an ap-
propriate sport pilot rating and meets 
the requirements of § 61.412 of this 
chapter. 

(2) The safety pilot has adequate vi-

sion forward and to each side of the 
aircraft, or a competent observer in the 
aircraft adequately supplements the vi-
sion of the safety pilot; and 

(3) Except in the case of lighter-than- 

air aircraft, that aircraft is equipped 
with fully functioning dual controls. 
However, simulated instrument flight 
may be conducted in a single-engine 
airplane, equipped with a single, func-
tioning, throwover control wheel, in 
place of fixed, dual controls of the ele-
vator and ailerons, when— 

(i) The safety pilot has determined 

that the flight can be conducted safely; 
and 

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