Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Section 91.109

Section 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter may
continue to bear a label or markings
showing FAA approval in accordance
with Section 21.305(d) (2010 ed.) of this chapter.
(4)
Except
as
provided
in
Section 91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)(3)(iii)
and
Section 91.107(a)(3)(iii)(B)(3)(iv), booster-type
child restraint systems (as defined in
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
No. 213 (49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and harness-type child restraint systems, and
lap held child restraints are not approved for use in aircraft; and
(C) The operator complies with the
following requirements:
(1) The restraint system must be
properly secured to an approved forward-facing seat or berth;
(2) The child must be properly secured in the restraint system and must
not exceed the specified weight limit
for the restraint system; and
(3) The restraint system must bear
the appropriate label(s).
(b) Unless otherwise stated, this section does not apply to operations conducted under part 121, 125, or 135 of this
chapter. Paragraph (a)(3) of this section does not apply to persons subject
to Section 91.105.

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[Doc. No. 26142, 57 FR 42671, Sept. 15, 1992, as
amended by Amdt. 91-250, 61 FR 28421, June
4, 1996; Amdt. 91-289, 70 FR 50906, Aug. 26,
2005; Amdt. 91-292, 71 FR 40009, July 14, 2006;
Amdt. 91-317, 75 FR 48857, Aug. 12, 2010;
Amdt. 91-332, 79 FR 28812, May 20, 2014]

Section 91.109 Flight instruction; Simulated
instrument flight and certain flight
tests.
(a) No person may operate a civil aircraft (except a manned free balloon)
that is being used for flight instruction
unless that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls. However, instrument flight instruction may be given
in an airplane that is equipped with a
single, functioning throwover control
wheel that controls the elevator and
ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls, when - 
(1) The instructor has determined
that the flight can be conducted safely;
and
(2) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with appropriate category and
class ratings.
(b) An airplane equipped with a single, functioning throwover control

wheel that controls the elevator and
ailerons, in place of fixed, dual controls
may be used for flight instruction to
conduct a flight review required by
Section 61.56 of this chapter, or to obtain recent flight experience or an instrument
proficiency check required by Section 61.57
when - 
(1) The airplane is equipped with operable rudder pedals at both pilot stations;
(2) The pilot manipulating the controls is qualified to serve and serves as
pilot in command during the entire
flight;
(3) The instructor is current and
qualified to serve as pilot in command
of the airplane, meets the requirements
of Section 61.195(b), and has logged at least 25
hours of pilot-in-command flight time
in the make and model of airplane; and
(4) The pilot in command and the instructor have determined the flight can
be conducted safely.
(c) No person may operate a civil aircraft in simulated instrument flight
unless - 
(1) The other control seat is occupied
by a safety pilot who possesses at least:
(i) A private pilot certificate with
category and class ratings appropriate
to the aircraft being flown; or
(ii) For purposes of providing training for a solo cross-country endorsement under Section 61.93 of this chapter, a
flight instructor certificate with an appropriate sport pilot rating and meets
the requirements of Section 61.412 of this
chapter.
(2) The safety pilot has adequate vision forward and to each side of the
aircraft, or a competent observer in the
aircraft adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot; and
(3) Except in the case of lighter-thanair aircraft, that aircraft is equipped
with fully functioning dual controls.
However, simulated instrument flight
may be conducted in a single-engine
airplane, equipped with a single, functioning, throwover control wheel, in
place of fixed, dual controls of the elevator and ailerons, when - 
(i) The safety pilot has determined
that the flight can be conducted safely;
and

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