718 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 91.111 

(ii) The person manipulating the con-

trols has at least a private pilot certifi-
cate with appropriate category and 
class ratings. 

(d) No person may operate a civil air-

craft that is being used for a flight test 
for an airline transport pilot certifi-
cate or a class or type rating on that 
certificate, or for a part 121 proficiency 
flight test, unless the pilot seated at 
the controls, other than the pilot being 
checked, is fully qualified to act as 
pilot in command of the aircraft. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–324, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 
31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30281, June 27, 
2018] 

§ 91.111

Operating near other aircraft. 

(a) No person may operate an aircraft 

so close to another aircraft as to create 
a collision hazard. 

(b) No person may operate an aircraft 

in formation flight except by arrange-
ment with the pilot in command of 
each aircraft in the formation. 

(c) No person may operate an air-

craft, carrying passengers for hire, in 
formation flight. 

§ 91.113

Right-of-way rules: Except 

water operations. 

(a) 

Inapplicability. 

This section does 

not apply to the operation of an air-
craft on water. 

(b) 

General. 

When weather conditions 

permit, regardless of whether an oper-
ation is conducted under instrument 
flight rules or visual flight rules, vigi-
lance shall be maintained by each per-
son operating an aircraft so as to see 
and avoid other aircraft. When a rule of 
this section gives another aircraft the 
right-of-way, the pilot shall give way 
to that aircraft and may not pass over, 
under, or ahead of it unless well clear. 

(c) 

In distress. 

An aircraft in distress 

has the right-of-way over all other air 
traffic. 

(d) 

Converging. 

When aircraft of the 

same category are converging at ap-
proximately the same altitude (except 
head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft to 
the other’s right has the right-of-way. 
If the aircraft are of different cat-
egories— 

(1) A balloon has the right-of-way 

over any other category of aircraft; 

(2) A glider has the right-of-way over 

an airship, powered parachute, weight- 
shift-control aircraft, airplane, or 
rotorcraft. 

(3) An airship has the right-of-way 

over a powered parachute, weight-shift- 
control aircraft, airplane, or rotor-
craft. 

However, an aircraft towing or re-

fueling other aircraft has the right-of- 
way over all other engine-driven air-
craft. 

(e) 

Approaching head-on. 

When air-

craft are approaching each other head- 
on, or nearly so, each pilot of each air-
craft shall alter course to the right. 

(f) 

Overtaking. 

Each aircraft that is 

being overtaken has the right-of-way 
and each pilot of an overtaking aircraft 
shall alter course to the right to pass 
well clear. 

(g) 

Landing. 

Aircraft, while on final 

approach to land or while landing, have 
the right-of-way over other aircraft in 
flight or operating on the surface, ex-
cept that they shall not take advan-
tage of this rule to force an aircraft off 
the runway surface which has already 
landed and is attempting to make way 
for an aircraft on final approach. When 
two or more aircraft are approaching 
an airport for the purpose of landing, 
the aircraft at the lower altitude has 
the right-of-way, but it shall not take 
advantage of this rule to cut in front of 
another which is on final approach to 
land or to overtake that aircraft. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–282, 69 FR 44880, July 
27, 2004] 

§ 91.115

Right-of-way rules: Water op-

erations. 

(a) 

General. 

Each person operating an 

aircraft on the water shall, insofar as 
possible, keep clear of all vessels and 
avoid impeding their navigation, and 
shall give way to any vessel or other 
aircraft that is given the right-of-way 
by any rule of this section. 

(b) 

Crossing. 

When aircraft, or an air-

craft and a vessel, are on crossing 
courses, the aircraft or vessel to the 
other’s right has the right-of-way. 

(c) 

Approaching head-on. 

When air-

craft, or an aircraft and a vessel, are 
approaching head-on, or nearly so, each 
shall alter its course to the right to 
keep well clear. 

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