722
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition)
§ 91.130
tower must establish and maintain
two-way radio communications with
the control tower, and thereafter as in-
structed by ATC while operating in the
Class D airspace area; or
(ii) From a satellite airport without
an operating control tower, must es-
tablish and maintain two-way radio
communications with the ATC facility
having jurisdiction over the Class D
airspace area as soon as practicable
after departing.
(d)
Communications failure.
Each per-
son who operates an aircraft in a Class
D airspace area must maintain two-
way radio communications with the
ATC facility having jurisdiction over
that area.
(1) If the aircraft radio fails in flight
under IFR, the pilot must comply with
§ 91.185 of the part.
(2) If the aircraft radio fails in flight
under VFR, the pilot in command may
operate that aircraft and land if—
(i) Weather conditions are at or
above basic VFR weather minimums;
(ii) Visual contact with the tower is
maintained; and
(iii) A clearance to land is received.
(e)
Minimum altitudes when operating
to an airport in Class D airspace.
(1) Un-
less required by the applicable dis-
tance-from-cloud criteria, each pilot
operating a large or turbine-powered
airplane must enter the traffic pattern
at an altitude of at least 1,500 feet
above the elevation of the airport and
maintain at least 1,500 feet until fur-
ther descent is required for a safe land-
ing.
(2) Each pilot operating a large or
turbine-powered airplane approaching
to land on a runway served by an in-
strument approach procedure with
vertical guidance, if the airplane is so
equipped, must:
(i) Operate that airplane at an alti-
tude at or above the glide path between
the published final approach fix and
the decision altitude (DA), or decision
height (DH), as applicable; or
(ii) If compliance with the applicable
distance-from-cloud criteria requires
glide path interception closer in, oper-
ate that airplane at or above the glide
path, between the point of interception
of glide path and the DA or the DH.
(3) Each pilot operating an airplane
approaching to land on a runway
served by a visual approach slope indi-
cator must maintain an altitude at or
above the glide path until a lower alti-
tude is necessary for a safe landing.
(4) Paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this
section do not prohibit normal brack-
eting maneuvers above or below the
glide path that are conducted for the
purpose of remaining on the glide path.
(f)
Approaches.
Except when con-
ducting a circling approach under part
97 of this chapter or unless otherwise
required by ATC, each pilot must—
(1) Circle the airport to the left, if op-
erating an airplane; or
(2) Avoid the flow of fixed-wing air-
craft, if operating a helicopter.
(g)
Departures.
No person may oper-
ate an aircraft departing from an air-
port except in compliance with the fol-
lowing:
(1) Each pilot must comply with any
departure procedures established for
that airport by the FAA.
(2) Unless otherwise required by the
prescribed departure procedure for that
airport or the applicable distance from
clouds criteria, each pilot of a turbine-
powered airplane and each pilot of a
large airplane must climb to an alti-
tude of 1,500 feet above the surface as
rapidly as practicable.
(h)
Noise abatement.
Where a formal
runway use program has been estab-
lished by the FAA, each pilot of a large
or turbine-powered airplane assigned a
noise abatement runway by ATC must
use that runway. However, consistent
with the final authority of the pilot in
command concerning the safe oper-
ation of the aircraft as prescribed in
§ 91.3(a), ATC may assign a different
runway if requested by the pilot in the
interest of safety.
(i)
Takeoff, landing, taxi clearance.
No
person may, at any airport with an op-
erating control tower, operate an air-
craft on a runway or taxiway, or take
off or land an aircraft, unless an appro-
priate clearance is received from ATC.
[Doc. No. 24458, 56 FR 65658, Dec. 17, 1991, as
amended by Amdt. 91–234, 58 FR 48793, Sept.
20, 1993; Amdt. 91–296, 72 FR 31678, June 7,
2007; 77 FR 28250, May 14, 2012]
§ 91.130
Operations in Class C air-
space.
(a)
General.
Unless otherwise author-
ized by ATC, each aircraft operation in
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