742 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 91.181 

(2) The operator is authorized by the 

Administrator or the country of reg-
istry to conduct such operations. 

(b) The Administrator may authorize 

a deviation from the requirements of 
this section. 

[Amdt. 91–276, 68 FR 70133, Dec. 17, 2003] 

§ 91.181

Course to be flown. 

Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, 

no person may operate an aircraft 
within controlled airspace under IFR 
except as follows: 

(a) On an ATS route, along the cen-

terline of that airway. 

(b) On any other route, along the di-

rect course between the navigational 
aids or fixes defining that route. How-
ever, this section does not prohibit ma-
neuvering the aircraft to pass well 
clear of other air traffic or the maneu-
vering of the aircraft in VFR condi-
tions to clear the intended flight path 
both before and during climb or de-
scent. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–296, 72 FR 31679, June 
7, 2007] 

§ 91.183

IFR communications. 

Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, 

the pilot in command of each aircraft 
operated under IFR in controlled air-
space must ensure that a continuous 
watch is maintained on the appropriate 
frequency and must report the fol-
lowing as soon as possible— 

(a) The time and altitude of passing 

each designated reporting point, or the 
reporting points specified by ATC, ex-
cept that while the aircraft is under 
radar control, only the passing of those 
reporting points specifically requested 
by ATC need be reported; 

(b) Any unforecast weather condi-

tions encountered; and 

(c) Any other information relating to 

the safety of flight. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–296, 72 FR 31679, June 
7, 2007] 

§ 91.185

IFR operations: Two-way 

radio communications failure. 

(a) 

General. 

Unless otherwise author-

ized by ATC, each pilot who has two- 
way radio communications failure 

when operating under IFR shall comply 
with the rules of this section. 

(b) 

VFR conditions. 

If the failure oc-

curs in VFR conditions, or if VFR con-
ditions are encountered after the fail-
ure, each pilot shall continue the flight 
under VFR and land as soon as prac-
ticable. 

(c) 

IFR conditions. 

If the failure oc-

curs in IFR conditions, or if paragraph 
(b) of this section cannot be complied 
with, each pilot shall continue the 
flight according to the following: 

(1) 

Route. 

(i) By the route assigned in 

the last ATC clearance received; 

(ii) If being radar vectored, by the di-

rect route from the point of radio fail-
ure to the fix, route, or airway speci-
fied in the vector clearance; 

(iii) In the absence of an assigned 

route, by the route that ATC has ad-
vised may be expected in a further 
clearance; or 

(iv) In the absence of an assigned 

route or a route that ATC has advised 
may be expected in a further clearance, 
by the route filed in the flight plan. 

(2) 

Altitude. 

At the highest of the fol-

lowing altitudes or flight levels for the 
route segment being flown: 

(i) The altitude or flight level as-

signed in the last ATC clearance re-
ceived; 

(ii) The minimum altitude (con-

verted, if appropriate, to minimum 
flight level as prescribed in § 91.121(c)) 
for IFR operations; or 

(iii) The altitude or flight level ATC 

has advised may be expected in a fur-
ther clearance. 

(3) 

Leave clearance limit. 

(i) When the 

clearance limit is a fix from which an 
approach begins, commence descent or 
descent and approach as close as pos-
sible to the expect-further-clearance 
time if one has been received, or if one 
has not been received, as close as pos-
sible to the estimated time of arrival 
as calculated from the filed or amended 
(with ATC) estimated time en route. 

(ii) If the clearance limit is not a fix 

from which an approach begins, leave 
the clearance limit at the expect-fur-
ther-clearance time if one has been re-
ceived, or if none has been received, 
upon arrival over the clearance limit, 
and proceed to a fix from which an ap-
proach begins and commence descent 
or descent and approach as close as 

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