743 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.189 

possible to the estimated time of ar-
rival as calculated from the filed or 
amended (with ATC) estimated time en 
route. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34294, Aug. 18, 1989; 
Amdt. 91–211, 54 FR 41211, Oct. 5, 1989] 

§ 91.187

Operation under IFR in con-

trolled airspace: Malfunction re-
ports. 

(a) The pilot in command of each air-

craft operated in controlled airspace 
under IFR shall report as soon as prac-
tical to ATC any malfunctions of navi-
gational, approach, or communication 
equipment occurring in flight. 

(b) In each report required by para-

graph (a) of this section, the pilot in 
command shall include the— 

(1) Aircraft identification; 
(2) Equipment affected; 
(3) Degree to which the capability of 

the pilot to operate under IFR in the 
ATC system is impaired; and 

(4) Nature and extent of assistance 

desired from ATC. 

§ 91.189

Category II and III operations: 

General operating rules. 

(a) No person may operate a civil air-

craft in a Category II or III operation 
unless— 

(1) The flight crew of the aircraft 

consists of a pilot in command and a 
second in command who hold the ap-
propriate authorizations and ratings 
prescribed in § 61.3 of this chapter; 

(2) Each flight crewmember has ade-

quate knowledge of, and familiarity 
with, the aircraft and the procedures to 
be used; and 

(3) The instrument panel in front of 

the pilot who is controlling the aircraft 
has appropriate instrumentation for 
the type of flight control guidance sys-
tem that is being used. 

(b) Unless otherwise authorized by 

the Administrator, no person may op-
erate a civil aircraft in a Category II or 
Category III operation unless each 
ground component required for that op-
eration and the related airborne equip-
ment is installed and operating. 

(c) 

Authorized DA/DH. 

For the pur-

pose of this section, when the approach 
procedure being used provides for and 
requires the use of a DA/DH, the au-
thorized DA/DH is the highest of the 
following: 

(1) The DA/DH prescribed by the ap-

proach procedure. 

(2) The DA/DH prescribed for the 

pilot in command. 

(3) The DA/DH for which the aircraft 

is equipped. 

(d) Except as provided in § 91.176 of 

this part or unless otherwise author-
ized by the Administrator, no pilot op-
erating an aircraft in a Category II or 
Category III approach that provides 
and requires the use of a DA/DH may 
continue the approach below the au-
thorized decision height unless the fol-
lowing conditions are met: 

(1) The aircraft is in a position from 

which a descent to a landing on the in-
tended runway can be made at a nor-
mal rate of descent using normal ma-
neuvers, and where that descent rate 
will allow touchdown to occur within 
the touchdown zone of the runway of 
intended landing. 

(2) At least one of the following vis-

ual references for the intended runway 
is distinctly visible and identifiable to 
the pilot: 

(i) The approach light system, except 

that the pilot may not descend below 
100 feet above the touchdown zone ele-
vation using the approach lights as a 
reference unless the red terminating 
bars or the red side row bars are also 
distinctly visible and identifiable. 

(ii) The threshold. 
(iii) The threshold markings. 
(iv) The threshold lights. 
(v) The touchdown zone or touch-

down zone markings. 

(vi) The touchdown zone lights. 
(e) Except as provided in § 91.176 of 

this part or unless otherwise author-
ized by the Administrator, each pilot 
operating an aircraft shall imme-
diately execute an appropriate missed 
approach whenever, prior to touch-
down, the requirements of paragraph 
(d) of this section are not met. 

(f) No person operating an aircraft 

using a Category III approach without 
decision height may land that aircraft 
except in accordance with the provi-
sions of the letter of authorization 
issued by the Administrator. 

(g) Paragraphs (a) through (f) of this 

section do not apply to operations con-
ducted by certificate holders operating 
under part 121, 125, 129, or 135 of this 
chapter, or holders of management 

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