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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.309 

§ 91.301

[Reserved] 

§ 91.303

Aerobatic flight. 

No person may operate an aircraft in 

aerobatic flight— 

(a) Over any congested area of a city, 

town, or settlement; 

(b) Over an open air assembly of per-

sons; 

(c) Within the lateral boundaries of 

the surface areas of Class B, Class C, 
Class D, or Class E airspace designated 
for an airport; 

(d) Within 4 nautical miles of the 

center line of any Federal airway; 

(e) Below an altitude of 1,500 feet 

above the surface; or 

(f) When flight visibility is less than 

3 statute miles. 

For the purposes of this section, aero-
batic flight means an intentional ma-
neuver involving an abrupt change in 
an aircraft’s attitude, an abnormal at-
titude, or abnormal acceleration, not 
necessary for normal flight. 

[Doc. No. 18834, 54 FR 34308, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–227, 56 FR 65661, Dec. 
17, 1991] 

§ 91.305

Flight test areas. 

No person may flight test an aircraft 

except over open water, or sparsely 
populated areas, having light air traf-
fic. 

§ 91.307

Parachutes and parachuting. 

(a) No pilot of a civil aircraft may 

allow a parachute that is available for 
emergency use to be carried in that 
aircraft unless it is an approved type 
and has been packed by a certificated 
and appropriately rated parachute rig-
ger— 

(1) Within the preceding 180 days, if 

its canopy, shrouds, and harness are 
composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, 
or other similar synthetic fiber or ma-
terials that are substantially resistant 
to damage from mold, mildew, or other 
fungi and other rotting agents propa-
gated in a moist environment; or 

(2) Within the preceding 60 days, if 

any part of the parachute is composed 
of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber 
or materials not specified in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section. 

(b) Except in an emergency, no pilot 

in command may allow, and no person 

may conduct, a parachute operation 
from an aircraft within the United 
States except in accordance with part 
105 of this chapter. 

(c) Unless each occupant of the air-

craft is wearing an approved parachute, 
no pilot of a civil aircraft carrying any 
person (other than a crewmember) may 
execute any intentional maneuver that 
exceeds— 

(1) A bank of 60 degrees relative to 

the horizon; or 

(2) A nose-up or nose-down attitude 

of 30 degrees relative to the horizon. 

(d) Paragraph (c) of this section does 

not apply to— 

(1) Flight tests for pilot certification 

or rating; or 

(2) Spins and other flight maneuvers 

required by the regulations for any cer-
tificate or rating when given by— 

(i) A certificated flight instructor; or 
(ii) An airline transport pilot in-

structing in accordance with § 61.67 of 
this chapter. 

(e) For the purposes of this section, 

approved parachute 

means— 

(1) A parachute manufactured under 

a type certificate or a technical stand-
ard order (C–23 series); or 

(2) A personnel-carrying military 

parachute identified by an NAF, AAF, 
or AN drawing number, an AAF order 
number, or any other military designa-
tion or specification number. 

[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34308, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–255, 62 FR 68137, Dec. 
30, 1997; Amdt. 91–268, 66 FR 23553, May 9, 
2001; Amdt. 91–305, 73 FR 69530, Nov. 19, 2008] 

§ 91.309

Towing: Gliders and 

unpowered ultralight vehicles. 

(a) No person may operate a civil air-

craft towing a glider or unpowered 
ultralight vehicle unless— 

(1) The pilot in command of the tow-

ing aircraft is qualified under § 61.69 of 
this chapter; 

(2) The towing aircraft is equipped 

with a tow-hitch of a kind, and in-
stalled in a manner, that is approved 
by the Administrator; 

(3) The towline used has breaking 

strength not less than 80 percent of the 
maximum certificated operating 
weight of the glider or unpowered 
ultralight vehicle and not more than 
twice this operating weight. However, 
the towline used may have a breaking 

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