758 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 91.311 

strength more than twice the max-
imum certificated operating weight of 
the glider or unpowered ultralight ve-
hicle if— 

(i) A safety link is installed at the 

point of attachment of the towline to 
the glider or unpowered ultralight ve-
hicle with a breaking strength not less 
than 80 percent of the maximum cer-
tificated operating weight of the glider 
or unpowered ultralight vehicle and 
not greater than twice this operating 
weight; 

(ii) A safety link is installed at the 

point of attachment of the towline to 
the towing aircraft with a breaking 
strength greater, but not more than 25 
percent greater, than that of the safety 
link at the towed glider or unpowered 
ultralight vehicle end of the towline 
and not greater than twice the max-
imum certificated operating weight of 
the glider or unpowered ultralight ve-
hicle; 

(4) Before conducting any towing op-

eration within the lateral boundaries 
of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, 
Class D, or Class E airspace designated 
for an airport, or before making each 
towing flight within such controlled 
airspace if required by ATC, the pilot 
in command notifies the control tower. 
If a control tower does not exist or is 
not in operation, the pilot in command 
must notify the FAA flight service sta-
tion serving that controlled airspace 
before conducting any towing oper-
ations in that airspace; and 

(5) The pilots of the towing aircraft 

and the glider or unpowered ultralight 
vehicle have agreed upon a general 
course of action, including takeoff and 
release signals, airspeeds, and emer-
gency procedures for each pilot. 

(b) No pilot of a civil aircraft may in-

tentionally release a towline, after re-
lease of a glider or unpowered ultra-
light vehicle, in a manner that endan-
gers the life or property of another. 

[Doc. No. 18834, 54 FR 34308, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–227, 56 FR 65661, Dec. 
17, 1991; Amdt. 91–282, 69 FR 44880, July 27, 
2004] 

§ 91.311

Towing: Other than under 

§ 91.309. 

No pilot of a civil aircraft may tow 

anything with that aircraft (other than 
under § 91.309) except in accordance 

with the terms of a certificate of waiv-
er issued by the Administrator. 

§ 91.313

Restricted category civil air-

craft: Operating limitations. 

(a) No person may operate a re-

stricted category civil aircraft— 

(1) For other than the special purpose 

for which it is certificated; or 

(2) In an operation other than one 

necessary to accomplish the work ac-
tivity directly associated with that 
special purpose. 

(b) For the purpose of paragraph (a) 

of this section, the following oper-
ations are considered necessary to ac-
complish the work activity directly as-
sociated with a special purpose oper-
ation: 

(1) Flights conducted for flight crew-

member training in a special purpose 
operation for which the aircraft is cer-
tificated. 

(2) Flights conducted to satisfy pro-

ficiency check and recent flight experi-
ence requirements under part 61 of this 
chapter provided the flight crew-
member holds the appropriate cat-
egory, class, and type ratings and is 
employed by the operator to perform 
the appropriate special purpose oper-
ation. 

(3) Flights conducted to relocate the 

aircraft for delivery, repositioning, or 
maintenance. 

(c) No person may operate a re-

stricted category civil aircraft car-
rying persons or property for com-
pensation or hire. For the purposes of 
this paragraph (c), a special purpose 
operation involving the carriage of per-
sons or material necessary to accom-
plish that operation, such as crop dust-
ing, seeding, spraying, and banner tow-
ing (including the carrying of required 
persons or material to the location of 
that operation), an operation for the 
purpose of providing flight crew-
member training in a special purpose 
operation, and an operation conducted 
under the authority provided in para-
graph (h) of this section are not consid-
ered to be the carriage of persons or 
property for compensation or hire. 

(d) No person may be carried on a re-

stricted category civil aircraft unless 
that person— 

(1) Is a flight crewmember; 
(2) Is a flight crewmember trainee; 

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