Section 91.527

14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)

of the compartment with the contents
of a hand fire extinguisher.
Section 91.527

Operating in icing conditions.

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(a) No pilot may take off an airplane
that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to
any propeller, windshield, stabilizing
or control surface; to a powerplant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter,
rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with frost under the
wing in the area of the fuel tanks if authorized by the FAA.
(b) No pilot may fly under IFR into
known or forecast light or moderate
icing conditions, or under VFR into
known light or moderate icing conditions, unless - 
(1) The aircraft has functioning deicing or anti-icing equipment protecting
each rotor blade, propeller, windshield,
wing, stabilizing or control surface,
and each airspeed, altimeter, rate of
climb, or flight attitude instrument
system;
(2) The airplane has ice protection
provisions that meet section 34 of Special Federal Aviation Regulation No.
23; or
(3) The airplane meets transport category airplane type certification provisions, including the requirements for
certification for flight in icing conditions.
(c) Except for an airplane that has
ice protection provisions that meet the
requirements in section 34 of Special
Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23, or
those for transport category airplane
type certification, no pilot may fly an
airplane into known or forecast severe
icing conditions.
(d) If current weather reports and
briefing information relied upon by the
pilot in command indicate that the
forecast icing conditions that would
otherwise prohibit the flight will not
be encountered during the flight because of changed weather conditions
since the forecast, the restrictions in
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section
based on forecast conditions do not
apply.
[Doc. No. 18334, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as
amended by Amdt. 91-310, 74 FR 62696, Dec. 1,
2009]

Section 91.529 Flight engineer requirements.
(a) No person may operate the following airplanes without a flight crewmember holding a current flight engineer certificate:
(1) An airplane for which a type certificate was issued before January 2,
1964, having a maximum certificated
takeoff weight of more than 80,000
pounds.
(2) An airplane type certificated after
January 1, 1964, for which a flight engineer is required by the type certification requirements.
(b) No person may serve as a required
flight engineer on an airplane unless,
within the preceding 6 calendar
months, that person has had at least 50
hours of flight time as a flight engineer
on that type airplane or has been
checked by the Administrator on that
type airplane and is found to be familiar and competent with all essential
current information and operating procedures.
Section 91.531 Second in command requirements.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, no person may operate the following airplanes without a
pilot designated as second in command:
(1) Any airplane that is type certificated for more than one required pilot.
(2) Any large airplane.
(3) Any commuter category airplane.
(b) A person may operate the following airplanes without a pilot designated as second in command:
(1) Any airplane certificated for operation with one pilot.
(2) A large airplane or turbojet-powered multiengine airplane that holds a
special airworthiness certificate, if:
(i) The airplane was originally designed with only one pilot station; or
(ii) The airplane was originally designed with more than one pilot station, but single pilot operations were
permitted by the airplane flight manual or were otherwise permitted by a
branch of the United States Armed
Forces or the armed forces of a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation.
(c) No person may designate a pilot
to serve as second in command, nor
may any pilot serve as second in command, of an airplane required under

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