170 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 121.419 

flightcrew members, a certificate hold-
er must submit a request for related 
aircraft designation to the Adminis-
trator, and obtain approval of that re-
quest. 

(2) If the Administrator determines 

under paragraph (b)(1) of this section 
that a certificate holder is operating 
related aircraft, the certificate holder 
may submit to the Administrator a re-
quest for approval of a training pro-
gram that includes related aircraft dif-
ferences training. 

(3) A request for approval of a train-

ing program that includes related air-
craft differences training must include 
at least the following: 

(i) Each appropriate subject required 

for the ground training for the related 
aircraft. 

(ii) Each appropriate maneuver or 

procedure required for the flight train-
ing and crewmember emergency train-
ing for the related aircraft. 

(iii) The number of programmed 

hours of ground training, flight train-
ing and crewmember emergency train-
ing necessary based on review of the re-
lated aircraft and the duty position. 

(c) 

Approved related aircraft differences 

training. 

Approved related aircraft dif-

ferences training for flightcrew mem-
bers may be included in initial, transi-
tion, upgrade and recurrent training 
for the base aircraft. If the certificate 
holder’s approved training program in-
cludes related aircraft differences 
training in accordance with paragraph 
(b) of this section, the training re-
quired by §§ 121.419, 121.424, 121.425, and 
121.427, as applicable to flightcrew 
members, may be modified for the re-
lated aircraft. 

[Doc. No. 9509, 35 FR 90, Jan. 3, 1970, as 
amended by Amdt. 121–366, 78 FR 67839, Nov. 
12, 2013] 

§ 121.419

Pilots and flight engineers: 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 
ground training. 

(a) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, initial, transition, 
and upgrade ground training for pilots 
and flight engineers must include in-
struction in at least the following as 
applicable to their assigned duties: 

(1) General subjects— 
(i) The certificate holder’s dispatch 

or flight release procedures; 

(ii) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(iii) Enough meteorology to insure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, and high altitude weather situ-
ations; 

(iv) Air traffic control systems, pro-

cedures, and phraseology; 

(v) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tion aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(vi) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(vii) Visual cues prior to and during 

descent below DA/DH or MDA; 

(viii) Approved crew resource man-

agement initial training; and 

(ix) Other instructions as necessary 

to ensure pilot and flight engineer 
competence. 

(2) For each airplane type— 
(i) A general description; 
(ii) Performance characteristics; 
(iii) Engines and propellers; 
(iv) Major components; 
(v) Major airplane systems (e.g., 

flight controls, electrical, hydraulic); 
other systems as appropriate; prin-
ciples of normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency operations; appropriate proce-
dures and limitations; 

(vi) Procedures for— 
(A) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(B) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear, 
and 

(C) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetrating al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 
air turbulence), icing, hail, and other 
potentially hazardous meteorological 
conditions; 

(vii) Operating limitations; 
(viii) Fuel consumption and cruise 

control; 

(ix) Flight planning; 
(x) Each normal and emergency pro-

cedure; 

(xi) For pilots, stall prevention and 

recovery in clean configuration, take-
off and maneuvering configuration, and 
landing configuration. 

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