Federal Aviation Administration, DOT

Pt. 135, App. A

Instruments: Installation

Operating Limitations and Information

12. Arrangement and visibility. Each instrument must meet FAR 23.1321 and in addition:
(a) Each flight, navigation, and powerplant
instrument for use by any pilot must be
plainly visible to the pilot from the pilot-s
station with the minimum practicable deviation from the pilot-s normal position and
line of vision when the pilot is looking forward along the flight path.
(b) The flight instruments required by FAR
23.1303 and by the applicable operating rules
must be grouped on the instrument panel
and centered as nearly as practicable about
the vertical plane of each pilot-s forward vision. In addition - 
(1) The instrument that most effectively
indicates the attitude must be in the panel
in the top center position;
(2) The instrument that most effectively
indicates the airspeed must be on the panel
directly to the left of the instrument in the
top center position;
(3) The instrument that most effectively
indicates altitude must be adjacent to and
directly to the right of the instrument in the
top center position; and
(4) The instrument that most effectively
indicates direction of flight must be adjacent
to and directly below the instrument in the
top center position.
13. Airspeed indicating system. Each airspeed
indicating system must meet FAR 23.1323
and in addition:
(a) Airspeed indicating instruments must
be of an approved type and must be calibrated to indicate true airspeed at sea level
in the standard atmosphere with a minimum
practicable instrument calibration error
when the corresponding pitot and static
pressures are supplied to the instruments.
(b) The airspeed indicating system must be
calibrated to determine the system error,
i.e., the relation between IAS and CAS, in
flight and during the accelerate-takeoff
ground run. The ground run calibration must
be obtained between 0.8 of the minimum
value of V1 and 1.2 times the maximum value
of V1, considering the approved ranges of altitude and weight. The ground run calibration is determined assuming an engine failure at the minimum value of V1.
(c) The airspeed error of the installation
excluding the instrument calibration error,
must not exceed 3 percent or 5 knots whichever is greater, throughout the speed range
from VMO to 1.3VS1 with flaps retracted and
from 1.3VSO to VFE with flaps in the landing
position.
(d) Information showing the relationship
between IAS and CAS must be shown in the
Airplane Flight manual.
14. Static air vent system. The static air vent
system must meet FAR 23.1325. The altimeter system calibration must be determined
and shown in the Airplane Flight Manual.

15. Maximum operating limit speed VMO/MMO.
Instead of establishing operating limitations
based on VNE and VNO, the applicant must establish a maximum operating limit speed
VMO/MMO as follows:
(a) The maximum operating limit speed
must not exceed the design cruising speed VC
and must be sufficiently below VD/MD or VDF/
MDF to make it highly improbable that the
latter speeds will be inadvertently exceeded
in flight.
(b) The speed VMO must not exceed 0.8VD/
MD or 0.8VDF/MDF unless flight demonstrations involving upsets as specified by the Administrator indicates a lower speed margin
will not result in speeds exceeding VD/MD or
VDF. Atmospheric variations, horizontal
gusts, system and equipment errors, and airframe production variations are taken into
account.
16. Minimum flight crew. In addition to
meeting FAR 23.1523, the applicant must establish the minimum number and type of
qualified flight crew personnel sufficient for
safe operation of the airplane considering - 
(a) Each kind of operation for which the
applicant desires approval;
(b) The workload on each crewmember considering the following:
(1) Flight path control.
(2) Collision avoidance.
(3) Navigation.
(4) Communications.
(5) Operation and monitoring of all essential aircraft systems.
(6) Command decisions; and
(c) The accessibility and ease of operation
of necessary controls by the appropriate
crewmember during all normal and emergency operations when at the crewmember
flight station.
17. Airspeed indicator. The airspeed indicator must meet FAR 23.1545 except that, the
airspeed notations and markings in terms of
VNO and VNH must be replaced by the VMO/
MMO notations. The airspeed indicator markings must be easily read and understood by
the pilot. A placard adjacent to the airspeed
indicator is an acceptable means of showing
compliance with FAR 23.1545(c).
Airplane Flight Manual
18. General. The Airplane Flight Manual
must be prepared under FARs 23.1583 and
23.1587, and in addition the operating limitations and performance information in sections 19 and 20 must be included.
19. Operating limitations. The Airplane
Flight Manual must include the following
limitations - 
(a) Airspeed limitations. (1) The maximum
operating limit speed VMO/MMO and a statement that this speed limit may not be deliberately exceeded in any regime of flight
(climb, cruise, or descent) unless a higher

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