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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 135.163 

within Class B, Class C, or Class D air-
space, or within a Class E surface area 
designated for an airport in which 
flights are intended; and 

(3) Receive meteorological informa-

tion from any point en route, except in 
remote locations and areas of moun-
tainous terrain where geographical 
constraints make such communication 
impossible. 

(b) No person may operate an aircraft 

at night under VFR over routes that 
can be navigated by pilotage unless 
that aircraft is equipped with— 

(1) Two-way radio communication 

equipment necessary under normal op-
erating conditions to fulfill the func-
tions specified in paragraph (a) of this 
section; and 

(2) Navigation equipment suitable for 

the route to be flown. 

[Doc. No. FAA–2002–14002, 72 FR 31684, June 7, 
2007, as amended by Amdt. 135–116, 74 FR 
20205, May 1, 2009] 

§ 135.163

Equipment requirements: 

Aircraft carrying passengers under 
IFR. 

No person may operate an aircraft 

under IFR, carrying passengers, unless 
it has— 

(a) A vertical speed indicator; 
(b) A free-air temperature indicator; 
(c) A heated pitot tube for each air-

speed indicator; 

(d) A power failure warning device or 

vacuum indicator to show the power 
available for gyroscopic instruments 
from each power source; 

(e) An alternate source of static pres-

sure for the altimeter and the airspeed 
and vertical speed indicators; 

(f) For a single-engine aircraft: 
(1) Two independent electrical power 

generating sources each of which is 
able to supply all probable combina-
tions of continuous inflight electrical 
loads for required instruments and 
equipment; or 

(2) In addition to the primary elec-

trical power generating source, a 
standby battery or an alternate source 
of electric power that is capable of sup-
plying 150% of the electrical loads of 
all required instruments and equip-
ment necessary for safe emergency op-
eration of the aircraft for at least one 
hour; 

(g) For multi-engine aircraft, at least 

two generators or alternators each of 
which is on a separate engine, of which 
any combination of one-half of the 
total number are rated sufficiently to 
supply the electrical loads of all re-
quired instruments and equipment nec-
essary for safe emergency operation of 
the aircraft except that for multi-en-
gine helicopters, the two required gen-
erators may be mounted on the main 
rotor drive train; and 

(h) Two independent sources of en-

ergy (with means of selecting either) of 
which at least one is an engine-driven 
pump or generator, each of which is 
able to drive all required gyroscopic in-
struments powered by, or to be pow-
ered by, that particular source and in-
stalled so that failure of one instru-
ment or source, does not interfere with 
the energy supply to the remaining in-
struments or the other energy source 
unless, for single-engine aircraft in all 
cargo operations only, the rate of turn 
indicator has a source of energy sepa-
rate from the bank and pitch and direc-
tion indicators. For the purpose of this 
paragraph, for multi-engine aircraft, 
each engine-driven source of energy 
must be on a different engine. 

(i) For the purpose of paragraph (f) of 

this section, a continuous inflight elec-
trical load includes one that draws cur-
rent continuously during flight, such 
as radio equipment, electrically driven 
instruments, and lights, but does not 
include occasional intermittent loads. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–70, 62 FR 42374, Aug. 6, 
1997; Amdt. 135–72, 63 FR 25573, May 8, 1998] 

§ 135.165

Communication and naviga-

tion equipment: Extended over- 
water or IFR operations. 

(a) 

Aircraft navigation equipment re-

quirements

—

General. 

Except as provided 

in paragraph (g) of this section, no per-
son may conduct operations under IFR 
or extended over-water unless— 

(1) The en route navigation aids nec-

essary for navigating the aircraft along 
the route (e.g., ATS routes, arrival and 
departure routes, and instrument ap-
proach procedures, including missed 
approach procedures if a missed ap-
proach routing is specified in the pro-
cedure) are available and suitable for 

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