Section 135.247

14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)

(b) A second in command of a helicopter operated under VFR, other than
over-the-top, must have at least a commercial pilot certificate with an appropriate aircraft category and class rating.
(c) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as
second in command under IFR unless
that person meets the following instrument experience requirements:
(1) Use of an airplane or helicopter for
maintaining instrument experience. Within the 6 calendar months preceding the
month of the flight, that person performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in-flight in
an airplane or helicopter, as appropriate, in actual weather conditions, or
under simulated instrument conditions
using a view-limiting device:
(i) Six instrument approaches;
(ii) Holding procedures and tasks;
and
(iii)
Intercepting
and
tracking
courses through the use of navigational
electronic systems.
(2) Use of an FSTD for maintaining instrument experience. A person may accomplish the requirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this section in an approved FSTD, or a combination of aircraft and FSTD, provided:
(i) The FSTD represents the category
of aircraft for the instrument rating
privileges to be maintained;
(ii) The person performs the tasks
and iterations in simulated instrument
conditions; and
(iii) A flight instructor qualified
under Section 135.338 or a check pilot qualified
under Section 135.337 observes the tasks and
iterations and signs the person-s logbook or training record to verify the
time and content of the session.
(d) A second in command who has
failed to meet the instrument experience requirements of paragraph (c) of
this section for more than six calendar
months must reestablish instrument
recency under the supervision of a
flight
instructor
qualified
under
Section 135.338 or a check pilot qualified under
Section 135.337. To reestablish instrument
recency, a second in command must
complete at least the following areas of
operation required for the instrument
rating practical test in an aircraft or
FSTD that represents the category of

aircraft for the instrument experience
requirements to be reestablished:
(1) Air traffic control clearances and
procedures;
(2) Flight by reference to instruments;
(3) Navigation systems;
(4) Instrument approach procedures;
(5) Emergency operations; and
(6) Postflight procedures.
[44 FR 26738, May 7, 1979, as amended by Doc.
No. FAA-2016-6142, 83 FR 30283, June 27, 2018]

Section 135.247 Pilot qualifications:
experience.

(a) No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as
pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers unless, within the
preceding 90 days, that person has - 
(1) Made three takeoffs and three
landings as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls in an aircraft of the
same category and class and, if a type
rating is required, of the same type in
which that person is to serve; or
(2) For operation during the period
beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise (as published
in the Air Almanac), made three takeoffs and three landings during that period as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls in an aircraft of the
same category and class and, if a type
rating is required, of the same type in
which that person is to serve.
A person who complies with paragraph
(a)(2) of this section need not comply
with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(3) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section
does not apply to a pilot in command
of a turbine-powered airplane that is
type certificated for more than one
pilot crewmember, provided that pilot
has complied with the requirements of
paragraph (a)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section:
(i) The pilot in command must hold
at least a commercial pilot certificate
with the appropriate category, class,
and type rating for each airplane that
is type certificated for more than one
pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks
to operate under this alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at
least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot;

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