483 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 135.341 

(i) The fundamental principles of the 

teaching-learning process; 

(ii) Teaching methods and proce-

dures; and 

(iii) The instructor-student relation-

ship. 

(d) The transition ground training for 

flight instructors must include the ap-
proved methods, procedures, and limi-
tations for performing the required 
normal, abnormal, and emergency pro-
cedures applicable to the type, class, or 
category aircraft to which the flight 
instructor is in transition. 

(e) The initial and transition flight 

training for flight instructors (aircraft) 
must include the following— 

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during instruction; 

(2) The potential results of improper 

or untimely safety measures during in-
struction; 

(3) Training and practice from the 

left and right pilot seats in the re-
quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency maneuvers to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this part; and 

(4) The safety measures to be taken 

from either the left or right pilot seat 
for emergency situations that are like-
ly to develop during instruction. 

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) 

of this section may be accomplished in 
full or in part in flight, in a flight sim-
ulator, or in a flight training device, as 
appropriate. 

(g) The initial and transition flight 

training for a flight instructor (simu-
lator) must include the following: 

(1) Training and practice in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this part. These maneuvers 
and procedures must be accomplished 
in full or in part in a flight simulator 
or in a flight training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of flight 

simulators, flight training devices, or 
both, to ensure competence to conduct 
the flight instruction required by this 
part. 

[Doc. No. 28471, 61 FR 30745, June 17, 1996; 61 
FR 34927, July 3, 1996; 62 FR 3739, Jan. 24, 
1997] 

§ 135.341

Pilot and flight attendant 

crewmember training programs. 

(a) Each certificate holder, other 

than one who uses only one pilot in the 
certificate holder’s operations, shall 
establish and maintain an approved 
pilot training program, and each cer-
tificate holder who uses a flight at-
tendant crewmember shall establish 
and maintain an approved flight at-
tendant training program, that is ap-
propriate to the operations to which 
each pilot and flight attendant is to be 
assigned, and will ensure that they are 
adequately trained to meet the appli-
cable knowledge and practical testing 
requirements of §§ 135.293 through 
135.301. However, the Administrator 
may authorize a deviation from this 
section if the Administrator finds that, 
because of the limited size and scope of 
the operation, safety will allow a devi-
ation from these requirements. This 
deviation authority does not extend to 
the training provided under § 135.336. 

(b) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall include 
in that program ground and flight 
training curriculums for— 

(1) Initial training; 
(2) Transition training; 
(3) Upgrade training; 
(4) Differences training; and 
(5) Recurrent training. 
(c) Each certificate holder required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section shall provide 
current and appropriate study mate-
rials for use by each required pilot and 
flight attendant. 

(d) The certificate holder shall fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program, 
and all changes and additions, to the 
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the certificate holder uses 
training facilities of other persons, a 
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties shall also be furnished. Curricula 
that follow FAA published curricula 
may be cited by reference in the copy 
of the training program furnished to 

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