484 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–19 Edition) 

§ 135.343 

the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with 
the program. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982; Amdt. 135–127, 78 FR 42379, July 15, 2013; 
Amdt. 135–127A, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013] 

§ 135.343

Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements. 

No certificate holder may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a 
crewmember in operations under this 
part unless that crewmember has com-
pleted the appropriate initial or recur-
rent training phase of the training pro-
gram appropriate to the type of oper-
ation in which the crewmember is to 
serve since the beginning of the 12th 
calendar month before that service. 
This section does not apply to a certifi-
cate holder that uses only one pilot in 
the certificate holder’s operations. 

[Doc. No. 16097, 43 FR 46783, Oct. 10, 1978, as 
amended by Amdt. 135–18, 47 FR 33396, Aug. 2, 
1982] 

§ 135.345

Pilots: Initial, transition, and 

upgrade ground training. 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 

ground training for pilots must include 
instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The certificate holder’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below DA/DH or MDA; 

(8) ETOPS, if applicable; 
(9) After August 13, 2008, passenger 

recovery plan for any passenger-car-
rying operation (other than intrastate 

operations wholly within the state of 
Alaska) in the North Polar area; and 

(10) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (i.e., flight 

controls, electrical, and hydraulic), 
other systems, as appropriate, prin-
ciples of normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency operations, appropriate proce-
dures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetrating al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 
air turbulence), icing, hail, and other 
potentially hazardous meteorological 
conditions; and 

(iv) Operating airplanes during 

ground icing conditions, (i.e., any time 
conditions are such that frost, ice, or 
snow may reasonably be expected to 
adhere to the airplane), if the certifi-
cate holder expects to authorize take-
offs in ground icing conditions, includ-
ing: 

(A) The use of holdover times when 

using deicing/anti-icing fluids; 

(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing proce-

dures, including inspection and check 
procedures and responsibilities; 

(C) Communications; 
(D) Airplane surface contamination 

(i.e., adherence of frost, ice, or snow) 
and critical area identification, and 
knowledge of how contamination ad-
versely affects airplane performance 
and flight characteristics; 

(E) Types and characteristics of deic-

ing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the cer-
tificate holder; 

(F) Cold weather preflight inspection 

procedures; 

(G) Techniques for recognizing con-

tamination on the airplane; 

(7) Operating limitations; 

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