595 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

Pt. 141, App. B 

(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, 

including collision avoidance, and recogni-
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence; 

(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff 

and climb performance; 

(9) Weight and balance computations; 
(10) Principles of aerodynamics, power-

plants, and aircraft systems; 

(11) If the course of training is for an air-

plane category or glider category rating, 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin 
recovery techniques; 

(12) Aeronautical decision making and 

judgment; and 

(13) Preflight action that includes— 
(i) How to obtain information on runway 

lengths at airports of intended use, data on 
takeoff and landing distances, weather re-
ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; 
and 

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the 

planned flight cannot be completed or delays 
are encountered. 

4. 

Flight training. 

(a) Each approved course 

must include at least the following flight 
training, as provided in this section and sec-
tion No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved 
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of 
this section, appropriate to the aircraft cat-
egory and class rating: 

(1) 35 hours of training if the course is for 

an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or air-
ship rating. 

(2) 6 hours of training if the course is for a 

glider rating. 

(3) 8 hours of training if the course is for a 

balloon rating. 

(b) Each approved course must include at 

least the following flight training: 

(1) 

For an airplane single-engine course: 

20 

hours of flight training from a certificated 
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(1) of this section 
that includes at least— 

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this 

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight 
training in a single-engine airplane; 

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a sin-

gle-engine airplane that includes— 

(A) One cross-country flight of more than 

100-nautical-miles total distance; and 

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full 

stop (with each landing involving a flight in 
the traffic pattern) at an airport. 

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin-

gle engine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a single engine airplane solely 
by reference to instruments, including 
straight and level flight, constant airspeed 
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re-
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio 
communications, and the use of navigation 
systems/facilities and radar services appro-
priate to instrument flight; and 

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single- 

engine airplane in preparation for the prac-

tical test within 60 days preceding the date 
of the test. 

(2) 

For an airplane multiengine course: 

20 

hours of flight training from a certificated 
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(2) of this section 
that includes at least— 

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this 

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight 
training in a multiengine airplane; 

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a 

multiengine airplane that includes— 

(A) One cross-country flight of more than 

100-nautical-miles total distance; and 

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full 

stop (with each landing involving a flight in 
the traffic pattern) at an airport. 

(iii) Three hours of flight training in a 

multiengine airplane on the control and ma-
neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely 
by reference to instruments, including 
straight and level flight, constant airspeed 
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re-
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio 
communications, and the use of navigation 
systems/facilities and radar services appro-
priate to instrument flight; and 

(iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multien-

gine airplane in preparation for the practical 
test within 60 days preceding the date of the 
test. 

(3) 

For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 

20 hours 

of flight training from a certificated flight 
instructor on the approved areas of oper-
ation in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that 
includes at least— 

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this 

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight 
training in a helicopter. 

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a hel-

icopter that includes— 

(A) One cross-country flight of more than 

50-nautical-miles total distance; and 

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full 

stop (with each landing involving a flight in 
the traffic pattern) at an airport. 

(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a heli-

copter in preparation for the practical test 
within 60 days preceding the date of the test. 

(4) 

For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 

20 

hours of flight training from a certificated 
flight instructor on the approved areas of op-
eration in paragraph (d)(4) of this section 
that includes at least— 

(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this 

chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight 
training in a gyroplane. 

(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a gy-

roplane that includes— 

(A) One cross-country flight over 50-nau-

tical-miles total distance; and 

(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full 

stop (with each landing involving a flight in 
the traffic pattern) at an airport. 

(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a gyro-

plane in preparation for the practical test 
within 60 days preceding the date of the test. 

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