228
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–14 Edition)
§ 23.527
seaplane during the impact is assumed
to be
2
⁄
3
of the weight of the seaplane.
[Doc. No. 26269, 58 FR 42161, Aug. 6, 1993; 58
FR 51970, Oct. 5, 1993]
§ 23.527
Hull and main float load fac-
tors.
(a) Water reaction load factors n
w
must be computed in the following
manner:
(1) For the step landing case
n
C V
Tan
W
w
1 SO
2
3
1
3
=
⎛
⎝
⎞
⎠
2
β
(2) For the bow and stern landing
cases
n
C V
Tan
W
K
1 r
w
1
SO
1
x
2
3
1
3
2
3
=
⎛
⎝⎜
⎞
⎠⎟
×
+
(
)
2
2
β
(b) The following values are used:
(1) n
w
=water reaction load factor
(that is, the water reaction divided by
seaplane weight).
(2) C
1
=empirical seaplane operations
factor equal to 0.012 (except that this
factor may not be less than that nec-
essary to obtain the minimum value of
step load factor of 2.33).
(3) V
SO
=seaplane stalling speed in
knots with flaps extended in the appro-
priate landing position and with no
slipstream effect.
(4)
b=Angle of dead rise at the longi-
tudinal station at which the load fac-
tor is being determined in accordance
with figure 1 of appendix I of this part.
(5) W=seaplane landing weight in
pounds.
(6) K
1
=empirical hull station weigh-
ing factor, in accordance with figure 2
of appendix I of this part.
(7) r
x
=ratio of distance, measured
parallel to hull reference axis, from the
center of gravity of the seaplane to the
hull longitudinal station at which the
load factor is being computed to the ra-
dius of gyration in pitch of the sea-
plane, the hull reference axis being a
straight line, in the plane of sym-
metry, tangential to the keel at the
main step.
(c) For a twin float seaplane, because
of the effect of flexibility of the attach-
ment of the floats to the seaplane, the
factor K
1
may be reduced at the bow
and stern to 0.8 of the value shown in
figure 2 of appendix I of this part. This
reduction applies only to the design of
the carrythrough and seaplane struc-
ture.
[Doc. No. 26269, 58 FR 42161, Aug. 6, 1993; 58
FR 51970, Oct. 5, 1993]
§ 23.529
Hull and main float landing
conditions.
(a)
Symmetrical step, bow, and stern
landing. For symmetrical step, bow,
and stern landings, the limit water re-
action load factors are those computed
under § 23.527. In addition—
(1) For symmetrical step landings,
the resultant water load must be ap-
plied at the keel, through the center of
gravity, and must be directed per-
pendicularly to the keel line;
(2) For symmetrical bow landings,
the resultant water load must be ap-
plied at the keel, one-fifth of the longi-
tudinal distance from the bow to the
step, and must be directed perpendicu-
larly to the keel line; and
(3) For symmetrical stern landings,
the resultant water load must be ap-
plied at the keel, at a point 85 percent
of the longitudinal distance from the
step to the stern post, and must be di-
rected perpendicularly to the keel line.
(b)
Unsymmetrical landing for hull and
single float seaplanes. Unsymmetrical
step, bow, and stern landing conditions
must be investigated. In addition—
(1) The loading for each condition
consists of an upward component and a
side component equal, respectively, to
0.75 and 0.25 tan
b times the resultant
load in the corresponding symmetrical
landing condition; and
(2) The point of application and di-
rection of the upward component of the
load is the same as that in the sym-
metrical condition, and the point of ap-
plication of the side component is at
the same longitudinal station as the
upward component but is directed in-
ward perpendicularly to the plane of
symmetry at a point midway between
the keel and chine lines.
(c)
Unsymmetrical landing; twin float
seaplanes. The unsymmetrical loading
consists of an upward load at the step
of each float of 0.75 and a side load of
0.25 tan
b at one float times the step
landing load reached under § 23.527. The
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