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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–14 Edition) 

Pt. 91, SFAR No. 108 

(i) Stall warning devices, as applicable. 
(j) Airborne radar and weather detection 

devices. 

(k) Other systems, devices or aids avail-

able. 

(l) Electrical, flight control and flight in-

strument system malfunction or failure. 

(m) Landing gear and flap system malfunc-

tion or failure. 

(n) Failure of navigation or communica-

tions equipment. 

Flight Emergency Procedures 

(1) Powerplant failure. 
(2) Powerplant, cabin, flight deck, wing 

and electrical fires. 

(3) Smoke control. 
(4) Fuel jettisoning, as applicable. 
(5) Any other emergency procedures out-

lined in the appropriate AFM or FAA-accept-
ed checklist. 

Instrument Procedures 

(1) Area departure. 
(2) Use of navigation systems including ad-

herence to assigned course and/or radial. 

(3) Holding procedures. 
(4) Aircraft approach category airspeeds. 
(5) Approach procedures: Each instrument 

approach must be performed according to all 
procedures and limitations approved for that 
facility. An instrument approach procedure 
begins when the airplane is over the initial 
approach fix for the approach procedure 
being used and ends when the airplane touch-
es down on the runway or when transition to 
missed approach configuration is completed. 

(a) ILS, ILS/DME, approach. 
(i) A manually controlled ILS with a pow-

erplant inoperative; occurring before initi-
ating the final approach course and con-
tinuing to full stop or through the missed 
approach procedure. 

(ii) A manually controlled ILS utilizing 

raw data to 200 feet or decision height (DH). 

(iii) An ILS with the autopilot coupled. 
(b) Non-precision approaches. 
(i) NDB, NDB/DME approach, straight in or 

circle. 

(ii) VOR, VOR/DME, straight in or circle. 

(iii) LOC, LOC/DME, LOC backcourse. 
(iv) GPS approach (If the aircraft/FTD/ 

flight simulator has a GPS installed, the ap-
plicant must demonstrate GPS approach pro-
ficiency.) 

(v) ASR approach. 
(c) Missed approach procedure: One missed 

approach procedure must be a complete ap-
proved missed approach procedure as pub-
lished or as assigned by ATC. 

(i) From a precision approach. 
(ii) From a non-precision approach. 
(iii) With a simulated powerplant failure. 
(d) Circling approach. 
(i) The circling approach must be made to 

the authorized MDA and followed by a 
change in heading and the necessary maneu-
vering (by visual reference) to maintain a 
flight path that permits a normal landing on 
the runway. 

(ii) The circling approach must be per-

formed without excessive maneuvering and 
without exceeding the normal operating lim-
its of the airplane and the angle of bank 
must not exceed 30

°

Landings and Approaches to Landings 

(1) Airport orientation. 
(2) Normal landings with stabilized ap-

proach. 

(3) Crosswind landings. 
(4) From a precision instrument approach. 
(5) From a precision instrument approach 

with a powerplant inoperative. 

(6) From a non-precision instrument ap-

proach. 

(7) From a non-precision instrument ap-

proach with a powerplant inoperative. 

(8) From a circling approach or VFR traffic 

pattern. 

(9) Go Around/Rejected landings—a normal 

missed approach procedure or a visual go- 
around after the landing is rejected. The 
landing should be rejected at approximately 
50 feet and approximately over the runway 
threshold. 

(10) Zero flap landing. 
(a) Runway requirements. 
(b) Airspeeds. 

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