AIM

4/3/14

5−3−7

En Route Procedures

level airspace means an airspace designated and

defined as such in the Designated Airspace

Handbook.)

(b)

Unless issued a VFR flight clearance by

ATC,  regardless of the weather conditions or the

height of the terrain, no person may operate an

aircraft under VMC within Class B airspace.

(c)

The requirement for entry into Class B

airspace is a student pilot permit (under the guidance

or control of a flight instructor).

(d)

VFR flight requires visual contact with

the ground or water at all times.

2.

Segments of VOR airways and high level

routes in Canada are based on L/MF navigation aids

and are charted in brown color instead of blue on

en route charts.

FIG 5

−3−1

Adhering to Airways or Routes

5

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3

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5. Airway or Route Course Changes

a.

Pilots of aircraft are required to adhere to

airways or routes being flown. Special attention must

be given to this requirement during course changes.

Each course change consists of variables that make

the technique applicable in each case a matter only the

pilot can resolve. Some variables which must be

considered are turn radius, wind effect, airspeed,

degree of turn, and cockpit instrumentation. An early

turn, as illustrated below, is one method of adhering

to airways or routes. The use of any available cockpit

instrumentation, such as Distance Measuring Equip-

ment, may be used by the pilot to lead the turn when

making course changes. This is consistent with the

intent of 14 CFR Section 91.181, which requires

pilots to operate along the centerline of an airway and

along the direct course between navigational aids or

fixes.

b.

Turns which begin at or after fix passage may

exceed airway or route boundaries. FIG 5−3−1

contains an example flight track depicting this,

together with an example of an early turn.