Index   328 -- Page 329 -- 330

12/10/15                                                                                                      AIM



level airspace means an airspace designated and             airspace is a student pilot permit (under the guidance
defined as such in the Designated Airspace                  or control of a flight instructor).
Handbook.)
                                                                   (d) VFR flight requires visual contact with
       (b) Unless issued a VFR flight clearance by          the ground or water at all times.
ATC, regardless of the weather conditions or the
                                                                 2. Segments of VOR airways and high level
height of the terrain, no person may operate an
                                                            routes in Canada are based on L/MF navigation aids
aircraft under VMC within Class B airspace.
                                                            and are charted in brown color instead of blue on
       (c) The requirement for entry into Class B           en route charts.


                                                     FIG 5-3-1
                                         Adhering to Airways or Routes




5-3-5. Airway or Route Course Changes                       instrumentation, such as Distance Measuring Equip-
                                                            ment, may be used by the pilot to lead the turn when
   a. Pilots of aircraft are required to adhere to
                                                            making course changes. This is consistent with the
airways or routes being flown. Special attention must
                                                            intent of 14 CFR Section 91.181, which requires
be given to this requirement during course changes.
                                                            pilots to operate along the centerline of an airway and
Each course change consists of variables that make
                                                            along the direct course between navigational aids or
the technique applicable in each case a matter only the
                                                            fixes.
pilot can resolve. Some variables which must be
considered are turn radius, wind effect, airspeed,            b. Turns which begin at or after fix passage may
degree of turn, and cockpit instrumentation. An early       exceed airway or route boundaries. FIG 5-3-1
turn, as illustrated below, is one method of adhering       contains an example flight track depicting this,
to airways or routes. The use of any available cockpit      together with an example of an early turn.




En Route Procedures                                                                                         5-3-7