14CFR vol1 part27 - 87 pages

Page 1 -   PAGE

30, 2009.
12 months after initial approval of the
12, 2007, as amended by Doc. No. FAA-2018-
0119, Amdt. 26-7, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]
Section 26.49
(c) Compliance Plan Implementation.
12, 2007, as amended by Doc. No. FAA-2018-
0119, Amdt. 26-7, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]
PART 27 - AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS:
Subpart A - General
27.1 Applicability.
27.2 Special retroactive requirements.
Subpart B - Flight
(a) Compliance plan. Except for applicants for type certific...
2008, each person identified in SectionSection 26.43,
26.45, and 26.47, must submit a compliance plan consisting o...
26.45(e), and 26.47(e), as applicable.
(b) Compliance dates for compliance
2008.
27.21 Proof of compliance.
27.25 Weight limits.
...

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27.239
27.241
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
27.573 Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of composite ...
27.251
Subpart D - Design and Construction
Subpart C - Strength Requirements
27.601 Design.
27.602 Critical parts.
27.603 Materials.
27.605 Fabrication methods.
27.607 Fasteners.
27.609 Protection of structure.
27.610 Lightning and static electricity protection.
27.611 Inspection provisions.
27.613 Material strength properties and design values.
27.619 Special factors.
27.621 Casting factors.
27.623 Bearing factors.
27.625 Fitting factors.
27.629 Flutter.
...

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27.777 Cockpit controls.
27.779 Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
27.783 Doors.
27.785 Seats, berths, litters, safety belts,
27.787 Cargo and baggage compartments.
27.801 Ditching.
27.805 Flight crew emergency exits.
27.807 Emergency exits.
27.831 Ventilation.
27.833 Heaters.
27.853 Compartment interiors.
27.855 Cargo and baggage compartments.
27.859 Heating systems.
27.861 Fire protection of structure, controls,
27.863 Flammable fluid fire protection.
27.871
27.873
27.1011 Engines: General.
27.1013 Oil tanks.
27.1015 Oil tank tests.
27.1017 Oil lines and fittings.
...

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Section 27.1
27.1325
27.1327
27.1329
27.1335
27.1337
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
27.1351 General.
27.1353 Storage battery design and installation.
27.1357 Circuit protective devices.
27.1361 Master switch.
27.1365 Electric cables.
27.1367 Switches.
27.1381 Instrument lights.
27.1383 Landing lights.
27.1385 Position light system installation.
27.1387 Position light system dihedral angles.
27.1389 Position light distribution and intensities.
27.1391 Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of forwa...
27.1393 Minimum intensities in any vertical
27.1395 Maximum intensities in overlapping
...

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Section 27.25
(i) The date the inspection acceptance records, or equivalen...
(b) For rotorcraft with a certification
1999 - 
(i) The number of passenger seats is
18, 1999.
1999]
Subpart B - Flight
Section 27.21
(a) By tests upon a rotorcraft of the
(b) By systematic investigation of
1984]
Section 27.25
(a) Maximum weight. The maximum
(i) The highest weight selected by the
(i) The empty weight determined
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Section 27.27
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) Minimum weight. The minimum
(i) The empty weight determined
(i) The lowest weight selected by the
(c) Total weight with jettisonable external load. A total we...
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1976; Amdt. 25-42, 43 FR 2324, Jan. 16, 1978;
27-44, 73 FR 10998, Feb. 29, 2008; 73 FR 33876,
Section 27.27
(a) The extremes selected by the applicant;
(b) The extremes within which the
(c) The extremes within which compliance with the applicable...
Section 27.29 Empty
(a) The empty weight and corresponding center of gravity mus...
(i) Oil;
(b) The condition of the rotorcraft at
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Section 27.45
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1978]
Section 27.31 Removable ballast.
Section 27.33 Main rotor speed and pitch limits.
(a) Main rotor speed limits. A range of
(b) Normal main rotor high pitch limits
(c) Normal main rotor low pitch limits
(d) Emergency high pitch. If the main
(e) Main rotor low speed warning for
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1968; Amdt. 27-14, 43 FR 2324, Jan. 16, 1978]
Section 27.45 General.
(a) Unless otherwise prescribed, the
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Section 27.49
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) The performance must correspond
(c) The available power must correspond to engine power, not...
(d) For reciprocating engine-powered
(e) For turbine engine-powered rotorcraft, the performance, ...
(f) For turbine-engine-powered rotorcraft, a means must be p...
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1984]
Section 27.49 Performance at minimum operating speed.
(a) For helicopters - 
(i) Takeoff power;
(i) For reciprocating engine powered
(b) For rotorcraft other than helicopters, the steady rate o...
Section 27.51 Takeoff.
r.p.m. at the most critical center of
(a) May not require exceptional piloting skill or exceptiona...
(b) Must be made in such a manner
Section 27.65 Climb: all engines operating.
(a) For rotorcraft other than helicopters - 
...

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Section 27.75
(i) At least 1:10 if the horizontal distance required to tak...
(b) Each helicopter must meet the
(i) For standard sea level conditions;
(i) At the climb speed selected by the
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1978; Amdt. 27-33, 61 FR 21907, May 10, 1996]
Section 27.67 Climb: one engine inoperative.
(a) Maximum weight;
(b) The critical engine inoperative
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1988]
Section 27.71
(a) Maximum weight; and
(b) Rotor speed(s) selected by the applicant.
Section 27.75
(a) The rotorcraft must be able to be
(i) Power off, for single engine rotorcraft and entered from...
(b) Multiengine rotorcraft must be
...

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Section 27.87
Section 27.87
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(a) If there is any combination of
(b) The applicable power failure conditions are - 
7000 feet density altitude or the maximum altitude capabilit...
1978; Amdt. 27-21, 49 FR 44433, Nov. 6, 1984;
Section 27.141
(a) Except as specifically required in
(b) Be able to maintain any required
(c) Have any additional characteristic required for night or...
1968; Amdt. 27-11, 41 FR 55468, Dec. 20, 1976;
27-21, 49 FR 44433, Nov. 6, 1984]
Section 27.143 Controllability and maneuverability.
(a) The rotorcraft must be safely controllable and maneuvera...
(i) Takeoff;
(v) Autorotation;
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Section 27.161
(b) The margin of cyclic control must
(c) Wind velocities from zero to at
(i) Critical Weight;
(i) Weight selected by the applicant;
(d) Wind velocities from zero to at
(e) The rotorcraft, after (1) failure of
(i) For the cruise condition, one second, or normal pilot re...
(f) For helicopters for which a VNE
Section 27.1505(c), compliance must be demonstrated with the...
r.p.m.:
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1968; Amdt. 27-14, 43 FR 2325, Jan. 16, 1978;
27-44, 73 FR 10999, Feb. 29, 2008]
Section 27.151
(a) Longitudinal, lateral, directional,
(b) Control system forces and free
Section 27.161
(a) Must trim any steady longitudinal, lateral, and collecti...
(b) May not introduce any undesirable discontinuities in con...
...

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Section 27.171
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.171 Stability: general.
Section 27.173 Static longitudinal stability.
(a) The longitudinal control must be
(b) Throughout the full range of altitude for which certific...
(d), the slope of the control position
2008]
Section 27.175 Demonstration of static longitudinal stabilit...
(a) Climb. Static longitudinal stability must be shown in th...
(b) Cruise. Static longitudinal stability must be shown in t...
0.8 VNE + 10 kt or, if VH is less than 0.8
(c) VNE. Static longitudinal stability
10 kt.
(d) Autorotation. Static longitudinal
(i) Critical weight;
(i) Critical weight;
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1968; Amdt. 27-11, 41 FR 55468, Dec. 20, 1976;
27-21, 49 FR 44433, Nov. 6, 1984; Amdt. 27-34, 62
...

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Section 27.305
15 knots less than the speed for minimum rate of descent var...
(b) Sufficient cues must accompany
(c) During the maneuver specified in
Section 27.231
Section 27.235
Section 27.239
Section 27.241
Section 27.251
Subpart C - Strength Requirements
Section 27.301
(a) Strength requirements are specified in terms of limit lo...
(b) Unless otherwise provided, the
(c) If deflections under load would
Section 27.303
Section 27.305
(a) The structure must be able to
(b) The structure must be able to
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Section 27.307
Section 27.307
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(a) Compliance with the strength and
(b) Proof of compliance with the
1425)
1968; Amdt. 27-26, 55 FR 7999, Mar. 6, 1990]
Section 27.309
(a) The design maximum weight.
(b) The main rotor r.p.m. ranges
(c) The maximum forward speeds for
(d) The maximum rearward and sideward flight speeds.
(e) The center of gravity limits corresponding to the limita...
(f) The rotational speed ratios between each powerplant and ...
(g) The positive and negative limit
Section 27.321
(a) The flight load factor must be assumed to act normal to ...
(b) Compliance with the flight load
1976]
Section 27.337 Limit maneuvering load factor.
(a) A limit maneuvering load factor
...

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Section 27.395
1976]
Section 27.351 Yawing conditions.
(a) Each rotorcraft must be designed
(b) To produce the load required in
(c) To produce the load required in
1997]
Section 27.361 Engine torque.
(a) For turbine engines, the limit
(b) For reciprocating engines, the
Section 27.391 General.
1997]
Section 27.395 Control system.
(a) The part of each control system
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Section 27.341 Gust loads.

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Section 27.397
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) Each primary control system, including its supporting st...
1990]
Section 27.397 Limit pilot forces and torques.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, the limit pilot
(b) For flap, tab, stabilizer, rotor
50 pounds nor more than 100 pounds for
2001]
Section 27.399 Dual control system.
0.75 times those obtained under Section 27.395
(a) In opposition; and
(b) In the same direction.
Section 27.411 Ground clearance: tail rotor
(a) It must be impossible for the tail
(b) If a tail rotor guard is required to
Section 27.427 Unsymmetrical loads.
(a) Horizontal tail surfaces and their
(b) To meet the design criteria of
(c) For empennage arrangements
...

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Section 27.483
Section 27.477
21, 1990]
(a) Attitudes. Under each of the loading conditions prescrib...
(b) of this section, the rotorcraft is assumed to be in each...
(b) Loading conditions. The rotorcraft
Section 27.471.
40:60.
(c) Pitching moments. Pitching moments are assumed to be res...
Section 27.471
(a) Loads and equilibrium. For limit
(b) Critical centers of gravity. The critical centers of gra...
Section 27.473 Ground loading
(a) For specified landing conditions,
(b) Unless otherwise prescribed, for
Section 27.725.
Section 27.475
Section 27.479
Section 27.481
(a) The rotorcraft is assumed to be in
(b) In this attitude, ground loads are
...

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Section 27.485
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(a) The vertical load must be the
(b) The unbalanced external loads
Section 27.485 Lateral drift landing conditions.
(a) The rotorcraft is assumed to be in
(i) At the ground contact point; or
(b) The rotorcraft must be designed
(i) For the aft wheels, the side loads
Section 27.493 Braked roll conditions.
(a) The limit vertical load must be
Section 27.479(a)(1); and
Section 27.479(a)(2); and
(b) The structure must be designed to
Section 27.497 Ground loading conditions:
(a) General. Rotorcraft with landing
(b) Level landing attitude with only the
(c) Level landing attitude with all
(b) of this section.
(d) Maximum nose-up attitude with
(e) Level landing attitude with only one
...

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Section 27.501
(i) For the forward wheels, 0.8 times
(f)(1) of this section must be applied - 
(i) At the ground contact point with
(g) Braked roll conditions in the level
(i) 1.0, for the attitude specified in
(i) 0.8 times the vertical load; and
(h) Rear wheel turning loads in the
(h)(1) of this section must be applied to
(i) Through the axle, if there is a
(i) Taxiing condition. The rotorcraft
Section 27.501 Ground loading conditions:
(a) General. Rotorcraft with landing
27.475.
(i) A drop height of 1.5 times that
(i) The gear in its most critically deflected position for t...
(b) Vertical reactions in the level landing attitude. In the...
(c) Drag reactions in the level landing
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Section 27.505
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(d) Sideloads in the level landing attitude. In the level at...
(i) Equal to the vertical loads obtained in the condition sp...
(i) Inward acting sideloads; and
(e) One-skid landing loads in the level
(f) Special conditions. In addition to
(b) and (c) of this section, the rotorcraft must be designed...
(i) Equal to 1.33 times the maximum
(i) Applied only to the skid tube and
1968; Amdt. 27-26, 55 FR 8000, Mar. 6, 1990]
Section 27.505
(a) Up-load conditions in which - 
(b) A side-load condition in which a
(c) A torque-load condition in which
Section 27.521
Section 27.473(b) or assumed to be equal to
(a) Up-load conditions in which - 
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Section 27.561
(b) A side-load condition in which - 
Section 27.547
(a) Each main rotor assembly (including rotor hubs and blade...
(b) [Reserved]
(c) The main rotor structure must be
27.341:
(d) The main rotor structure must be
(e) The main rotor structure must be
(i) The maximum torque likely to be
1425)
1968]
Section 27.549 Fuselage, landing gear, and
(a) Each fuselage, landing gear, and
(b) Each structure must be designed
27.493, 27.497, 27.501, 27.505, and 27.521;
(d)(2) and (e).
(c) Auxiliary rotor thrust, and the
(d) Each engine mount and adjacent
1425)
1968]
...

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Section 27.562
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) Upward - 4g.
(v) Rearward - 1.5g.
(c) The supporting structure must be
(d) Any fuselage structure in the area
(i) Upward - 1.5g.
1989; Amdt. 27-30, 59 FR 50386, Oct. 3, 1994;
Section 27.562 Emergency landing dynamic
(a) The rotorcraft, although it may
(b) Each seat type design or other
170-pound
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Section 27.563
10Section lateral roll, with the directions optional, to acc...
(c) Compliance with the following
2.5
(d) An alternate approach that
Section 27.563 Structural
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
(a) Forward speed landing conditions.
(b) Auxiliary or emergency float conditions - (1) Floats fix...
Section 27.801(d). Maximum roll and pitch angles determined ...
Section 27.801(d) may be used, if significant, to

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Section 27.571
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.571 Fatigue evaluation of flight
(a) General. Each portion of the flight
(i) Loads or stresses in all critical
(a)(3) of this section.
(b) Fatigue tolerance evaluation. It
(c) Replacement time evaluation. it
(d) Fail-safe evaluation. The following
(e) Combination of replacement time
775, and 778, (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, 1423, 1424,
1977; Amdt. 27-18, 45 FR 60177, Sept. 11, 1980;
Section 27.573 Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of Co...
(a) Each applicant must evaluate the
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Section 27.573
(b) The methodology used to establish compliance with this s...
(c) Definitions:
(d) Damage Tolerance Evaluation:
(i) The identification of all PSEs;
(v) An assessment of the residual
(i) Replacement times for PSEs must
(d)(1)(iv) of this section;
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Section 27.601
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(e) Fatigue Evaluation: If an applicant establishes that the...
(d) of this section is impractical within
74663, Dec. 1, 2011]
Subpart D - Design and
Section 27.601
(a) The rotorcraft may have no design features or details th...
(b) The suitability of each questionable design detail and p...
Section 27.602
(a) Critical part. A critical part is a
(b) If the type design includes crtical
Section 27.603
(a) Be established on the basis of experience or tests;
(b) Meet approved specifications that
(c) Take into account the effects of
1976; Amdt. 27-16, 43 FR 50599, Oct. 30, 1978]
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Section 27.613
Section 27.605 Fabrication methods.
(a) The methods of fabrication used
(b) Each new aircraft fabrication
1421, 1423, 1424 and 1425); sec. 6(c) of the Dept.
1978]
Section 27.607 Fasteners.
(a) Each removable bolt, screw, nut,
(b) No self-locking nut may be used
Section 27.609 Protection of structure.
(a) Be suitably protected against deterioration or loss of s...
(b) Have provisions for ventilation
Section 27.610 Lightning and static electricity protection.
(a) The rotorcraft must be protected
(b) For metallic components, compliance with paragraph (a) o...
(c) For nonmetallic components,
(d) The electrical bonding and protection against lightning ...
1999; Amdt. 27-46, 76 FR 33135, June 8, 2011]
Section 27.611 Inspection provisions.
(a) Recurring inspection;
(b) Adjustment for proper alignment
...

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Section 27.619
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(c) The strength, detail design, and
(d) Design values may be those contained in the following pu...
(e) Other design values may be used if
1978; Amdt. 27-26, 55 FR 8000, Mar. 6, 1990]
Section 27.619 Special factors.
(a) The special factors prescribed in
(i) Uncertainties in manufacturing
(b) For each part to which SectionSection 27.621
Section 27.621
(a) General. The factors, tests, and inspections specified i...
(b) Bearing stresses and surfaces. The
(c) and (d) of this section - 
(c) Critical castings. For each casting
(i) Have a casting factor of not less
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Section 27.653
(i) The strength requirements of
Section 27.305 at an ultimate load corresponding to a castin...
Section 27.305 at a load of 1.15 times the limit
(d) Noncritical castings. For each casting other than those ...
(d)(2) and (3) of this section, the casting
2.0 or greater ...............
100 percent visual.
100 percent visual, and magnetic
100 percent visual, and magnetic
1.25 through 1.50 ........
(i) A casting factor of 1.0 may be
1.50 -  and tested under paragraph (c)(2)
1997]
Section 27.623
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, each part that has
(b) No bearing factor need be used on
Section 27.625 Fitting factors.
(a) For each fitting whose strength is
(b) No fitting factor need be used - 
...

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Section 27.659
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) Paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this
Section 27.659
(a) The rotors and blades must be
(b) The structural integrity of the
Section 27.661
Section 27.663 Ground resonance prevention
(a) The reliability of the means for
(b) The probable range of variations,
1990]
Section 27.671
(a) Each control and control system
(b) Each element of each flight control system must be desig...
Section 27.672 Stability augmentation, automatic, and power-...
(a) A warning which is clearly distinguishable to the pilot ...
(b) The design of the stability augmentation system or of an...
(c) It must be shown that after any
47594, Dec. 6, 1984]
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

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Section 27.673
Section 27.685
Section 27.674
Section 27.681 Limit load static tests.
(a) Compliance with the limit load
(b) Compliance must be shown (by
Section 27.675
(a) Each control system must have
(b) Each stop must be located in the
(c) Each stop must be able to withstand the loads correspond...
(d) For each main rotor blade - 
1978]
Section 27.679
(a) Give unmistakable warning to the
(b) Prevent the lock from engaging in
Section 27.683 Operation tests.
(a) Jamming;
(b) Excessive friction; and
(c) Excessive deflection.
Section 27.685 Control system details.
(a) Each detail of each control system must be designed to p...
...

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Section 27.687
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
1976, as amended through December 15,
1978). This incorporation by reference
(e) Control system joints subject to
(f) For control system joints, the
1976; Amdt. 27-26, 55 FR 8001, Mar. 6, 1990; 69
0119, Amdt. 27-49, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]
Section 27.687
(a) Each control system spring device
(b) Compliance with paragraph (a) of
Section 27.691 Autorotation control mechanism.
Section 27.695 Power boost and power-operated control system...
(a) If a power boost or power-operated control system is use...
(b) Each alternate system may be a
(c) The failure of mechanical parts
Section 27.723
Section 27.725
(a) The drop height must be - 
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

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Section 27.729
(b) If considered, the rotor lift specified in Section 27.47...
(c) Each landing gear unit must be
(d) When an effective mass is used in
0.25g forward.
Section 27.727 Reserve energy absorption
(a) The drop height must be 1.5 times
(b) Rotor lift, where considered in a
Section 27.725(b), may not exceed 1.5 times the
(c) The landing gear must withstand
1990]
Section 27.729 Retracting mechanism.
(a) Loads. The landing gear, retracting mechansim, wheel-wel...
(b) Landing gear lock. A positive
(c) Emergency operation. When other
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Section 27.731
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(d) Operation tests. The proper functioning of the retractin...
(e) Position indicator. There must be a
(f) Control. The location and operation of the retraction co...
27.779.
(g) Landing gear warning. An aural or
Section 27.731
(a) Each landing gear wheel must be
(b) The maximum static load rating
(c) The maximum limit load rating of
Section 27.733
(a) Each landing gear wheel must
(b) The maximum static load rating
(c) Each tire installed on a retractable landing gear system...
1976]
Section 27.735
(a) Controllable by the pilot;
(b) Usable during power-off landings;
(c) Adequate to - 
10-degree slope on a dry, smooth pavement.
...

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Section 27.777
Section 27.521(a), distributed along the length
(b) Rigid floats. Each rigid float must
Section 27.521. These loads may be distributed
Section 27.755 Hulls.
Section 27.771 Pilot compartment.
(a) The compartment and its equipment must allow each pilot ...
(b) If there is provision for a second
(c) The vibration and noise characteristics of cockpit appur...
Section 27.773 Pilot compartment view.
(a) Each pilot compartment must be
(b) If certification for night operation is requested, compl...
(c) A vision system with a transparent display surface locat...
48, 81 FR 90170, Dec. 13, 2016; Docket FAA-
2016-9275, Amdt. 27-50, 83 FR 9423, Mar. 6,
2018]
Section 27.775 Windshields and windows.
Section 27.777 Cockpit controls.
(a) Located to provide convenient operation and to prevent c...
(b) Located and arranged with respect to the pilots- seats s...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

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Section 27.779
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.779 Motion and effect of cockpit
(a) Flight controls, including the collective pitch control,...
(b) Twist-grip engine power controls
(c) Normal landing gear controls
Section 27.783
(a) Each closed cabin must have at
(b) Each external door must be located where persons using i...
1990]
Section 27.785 Seats, berths, litters, safety
(a) Each seat, safety belt, harness,
Section 27.561(b) and dynamic conditions specified in Sectio...
(b) Each occupant must be protected
(c) Each occupant-s seat must have a
(d) If seat backs do not have a firm
(e) Each projecting object that could
(f) Each seat and its supporting
Section 27.561(b) must be multiplied by a factor of 1.33 in ...
(i) Each seat to the structure; and
(g) When the safety belt and shoulder
...

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Section 27.801
(h) When a headrest is used, the headrest and its supporting...
(i) Each seating device system includes the device such as t...
(j) Each seating device system may
Section 27.562; otherwise, the system must remain intact and...
(k) For the purposes of this section, a
1989; Amdt. 27-35, 63 FR 43285, Aug. 12, 1998]
Section 27.787 Cargo and baggage compartments.
(a) Each cargo and baggage compartment must be designed for ...
Section 27.561.
(b) There must be means to prevent
(c) Under the emergency landing conditions of Section 27.561...
(d) If cargo compartment lamps are
1976; Amdt. 27-27, 55 FR 38966, Sept. 21, 1990]
Section 27.801 Ditching.
(a) If certification with ditching provisions is requested, ...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 38 -   PAGE

Section 27.805
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
27.1415.
(b) Each practicable design measure,
(c) The probable behavior of the
(d) It must be shown that, under reasonably probable water c...
(e) Unless the effects of the collapse
Section 27.805 Flight crew emergency exits.
(a) For rotorcraft with passenger
(b) Each flight crew emergency exit
(c) Each flight crew emergency exit
Section 27.807
(a) Number and location. (1) There
(i) Be above the waterline; and
(b) Type and operation. Each emergency exit prescribed by pa...
(c) Tests. The proper functioning of
(d) Ditching emergency exits for passengers. If certificatio...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 39 -   PAGE

Section 27.859
Section 27.831 Ventilation.
(a) The ventilating system for the
(b) The concentration of carbon monoxide may not exceed one ...
(b) No compartment may contain any
Section 27.833 Heaters.
(a) General. For each heating system
(b) Heat exchangers. Each heat exchanger must be - 
(c) Combustion heater fire protection.
27.1189, 27.1191, and be provided with - 
(i) Effective under conditions expected to prevail when drai...
Section 27.853 Compartment interiors.
(a) The materials must be at least
(b) [Reserved]
(c) If smoking is to be prohibited,
(i) When illuminated, be legible to
1999]
Section 27.855 Cargo and baggage compartments.
(a) Each cargo and baggage compartment must be constructed o...
Section 27.859
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 40 -   PAGE

Section 27.859
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(d) Ventilating air ducts. Each ventilating air duct passing...
(e) Combustion air ducts. Each combustion air duct must be f...
(f) Heater control: General. There must
(g) Heater safety controls. For each
(i) The heat exchanger temperature
(i) Be independent of components
(h) Air intakes. Each combustion and
(i) Heater exhaust. Each heater exhaust system must meet the...
(j) Heater fuel systems. Each heater
(k) Drains. There must be means for
1988]
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 41 -   PAGE

Section 27.865
Section 27.861 Fire protection of structure,
Section 27.863 Flammable fluid fire protection.
(a) In each area where flammable
(b) Compliance with paragraph (a) of
(c) If action by the flight crew is required to prevent or c...
(d) Each area where flammable fluids
Section 27.865 External loads.
(a) It must be shown by analysis,
30Section. However, the 30Section angle may be reduced to a ...
(b) The external load attaching
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 42 -   PAGE

Section 27.871
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) Be reliable, durable, and function
(c) For rotorcraft-load combinations
(i) Provides a dual actuation device
(d) The critically configured jettisonable external loads mu...
(e) A placard or marking must be installed next to the exter...
(f) The fatigue evaluation of Section 27.571
Section 27.571 of this part applies to the entire
1990; Amdt. 27-36, 64 FR 43019, Aug. 6, 1999]
Section 27.871
Section 27.873
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 43 -   PAGE

Section 27.903
Subpart E - Powerplant
Section 27.903
Section 27.901
(a) For the purpose of this part, the
(b) For each powerplant installation - 
(c) The installation must comply
1968; Amdt. 27-12, 42 FR 15044, Mar. 17, 1977;
(a) Engine type certification. Each engine must have an appr...
(b) Engine or drive system cooling fan
(i) The fan blades are contained in
Section 27.571 is conducted, it must be shown
(c) Turbine engine installation. For
(d) Restart capability: A means to restart any engine in fli...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 44 -   PAGE

Section 27.907
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
1976; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34211, Sept. 2, 1988;
Section 27.907 Engine vibration.
(a) Each engine must be installed to
(b) The addition of the rotor and the
(c) No part of the rotor drive system
Section 27.917 Design.
(a) Each rotor drive system must incorporate a unit for each...
(b) Each rotor drive system must be
(c) If a torque limiting device is used
(d) The rotor drive system includes
1976]
Section 27.921 Rotor brake.
Section 27.923 Rotor drive system and control mechanism test...
(a) Each part tested as prescribed in
(b) Each rotor drive system and control mechanism must be te...
(c) A 60-hour part of the test prescribed in paragraph (b) o...
(d) A 30-hour or, for rotorcraft for
(e) A 10-hour part of the test prescribed in paragraph (b) o...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 45 -   PAGE

Section 27.923
(i) Each run must consist of at least
21-2 minute OEI torque for 21-2 minutes.
(i) Immediately following a takeoff
(f) The parts of the test prescribed in
(g) At intervals of not more than five
(h) Under the operating conditions
500 complete cycles of control of each
(i) At least 200 start-up clutch engagements must be accompl...
(j) For multiengine rotorcraft for
30-minute OEI torque and the maximum speed for use with 30-m...
(k) For multiengine rotorcraft for
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 46 -   PAGE

Section 27.927
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
1968; Amdt. 27-12, 42 FR 15044, Mar. 17, 1977;
27-29, 59 FR 47767, Sept. 16, 1994]
Section 27.927 Additional tests.
(a) Any additional dynamic, endurance, and operational tests...
(b) If turbine engine torque output to
(i) The maximum torque used in
(c) It must be shown by tests that the
15 minutes after the loss of pressure in
1977; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34212, Sept. 2, 1988]
Section 27.931 Shafting critical speed.
(a) The critical speeds of any shafting
(b) If any critical speed lies within,
(c) If analytical methods are used and
Section 27.935 Shafting joints.
Section 27.939 Turbine
(a) Turbine engine operating characteristics must be investi...
(b) The turbine engine air inlet system may not, as a result...
(c) For governor-controlled engines,
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 47 -   PAGE

Section 27.952
1976]
Section 27.951 General.
(a) Each fuel system must be constructed and arranged to ens...
(b) Each fuel system must be arranged so that - 
(c) Each fuel system for a turbine engine must be capable of...
1974]
Section 27.952 Fuel system crash resistance.
(a) Drop test requirements. Each tank,
50 feet.
(b) Fuel tank load factors. Except for
(i) Upward - 4g.
(i) Upward - 1.5g.
(i) Upward - 1.5g.
(c) Fuel line self-sealing breakaway
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 48 -   PAGE

Section 27.953
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) The load necessary to separate a
25 to 50 percent of the minimum ultimate failure load (ultim...
(v) No breakaway coupling design
Section 27.955(a) and must comply with the fatigue
Section 27.571 without leaking.
(d) Frangible or deformable structural
(d)(1) of this section) is applied in the
(e) Separation of fuel and ignition
(f) Other basic mechanical design criteria. Fuel tanks, fuel...
(g) Rigid or semirigid fuel tanks. Rigid
Section 27.953 Fuel system independence.
(a) Each fuel system for multiengine
(b) If a single fuel tank is used on a
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 49 -   PAGE

Section 27.961
Section 27.954 Fuel system lightning protection.
(a) Direct lightning strikes to areas
(b) Swept lightning strokes to areas
(c) Corona and streamering at fuel
Section 27.955 Fuel flow.
(a) General. The fuel system for each
Section 27.1305(q).
(b) Fuel transfer systems. If normal operation of the fuel s...
(c) Multiple fuel tanks. If an engine
Section 27.959 Unusable fuel supply.
Section 27.961 Fuel system hot weather operation.
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 50 -   PAGE

Section 27.963
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.963
(a) Each fuel tank must be able to
(b) Each fuel tank of 10 gallons or
(c) Each fuel tank must be separated
(d) Spaces adjacent to the surfaces of
(e) The maximum exposed surface
(f) Each fuel tank installed in personnel compartments must ...
Section 27.952, and must be adequate to withstand loads and ...
(g) Each flexible fuel tank bladder or
(h) Each integral fuel tank must have
1988; Amdt. 27-30, 59 FR 50387, Oct. 3, 1994]
Section 27.965
(a) Each fuel tank must be able to
(b) Each conventional metal tank,
(c) Each nonmetallic tank with walls
p.s.i. on surfaces not exposed to the acceleration loading.
(d) Each tank with large unsupported
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 51 -   PAGE

Section 27.969
(i) If no frequency of vibration resulting from any r.p.m. w...
(d)(3)(i) of this section.
20 complete cycles per minute through
Section 27.967
(a) Each fuel tank must be supported
(i) There are means for protection of
(b) Any spaces adjacent to tank surfaces must be adequately ...
(c) The location of each tank must
(d) No rotorcraft skin immediately
Section 27.969
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 52 -   PAGE

Section 27.971
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.971 Fuel tank sump.
(a) Each fuel tank must have a drainable sump with an effect...
(b) Each sump, sediment bowl, and
Section 27.973 Fuel tank filler connection.
(a) Each fuel tank filler connection
(b) Each filler cap or filler cap cover
Section 27.975 Fuel tank vents.
(a) Each fuel tank must be vented
(b) The venting system must be designed to minimize spillage...
1988; Amdt. 27-30, 59 FR 50387, Oct. 3, 1994;
Section 27.977 Fuel tank outlet.
(a) There must be a fuel stainer for
(b) The clear area of each fuel tank
(c) The diameter of each strainer
(d) Each finger strainer must be accessible for inspection a...
Section 27.991 Fuel pumps.
(a) Any one pump except pumps that
(b) Any component required for pump
Section 27.993 Fuel system lines and fittings.
...

Page 53 -   PAGE

Section 27.1011
(c) Flexible hose must be approved.
(d) Each flexible connection in fuel
(e) No flexible hose that might be adversely affected by hig...
1968]
Section 27.995 Fuel valves.
(a) There must be a positive, quickacting valve to shut off ...
(b) The control for this valve must be
(c) Where there is more than one
(d) No shutoff valve may be on the
Section 27.997 Fuel strainer or filter.
(a) Be accessible for draining and
(b) Have a sediment trap and drain
(c) Be mounted so that its weight is
(d) Provide a means to remove from
1984; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34213, Sept. 2, 1988]
Section 27.999
(a) There must be at least one accessible drain at the lowes...
(b) Each drain required by paragraph
(a) of this section must - 
(i) That is readily accessible and
...

Page 54 -   PAGE

Section 27.1013
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
1988]
Section 27.1013 Oil tanks.
(a) It can withstand, without failure,
(b) [Reserved]
(c) Where used with a reciprocating
10 percent of the tank capacity.
(d) It is impossible to fill the tank
(e) Adequate venting is provided; and
(f) There are means in the filler opening to prevent oil ove...
1974]
Section 27.1015 Oil tank tests.
Section 27.1017 Oil lines and fittings.
(a) Each oil line must be supported to
(b) Each oil line connected to components of the rotorcraft ...
(c) Flexible hose must be approved.
(d) Each oil line must have an inside
Section 27.1019
(a) Each turbine engine installation
(b) Each oil strainer or filter in a
...

Page 55 -   PAGE

(b) Have manual or automatic means
(e) Splash-type lubrication systems
1999]
Section 27.1027 Transmissions
Section 27.1043
(a) The lubrication system for components of the rotor drive...
(b) Pressure lubrication systems for
27.1337(d).
(c) Each pressure lubrication system
(c)(3) of this section; and
(i) The lubricant will flow at the normal rate through the r...
(d) For each lubricant tank or sump
Section 27.1041 General.
(a) Each powerplant cooling system
(b) Compliance with paragraph (a) of
1988]
Section 27.1043 Cooling tests.
(a) General. For the tests prescribed
(b) Maximum ambient atmospheric temperature. A maximum ambie...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 56 -   PAGE

Section 27.1045
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(c) Correction factor (except cylinder
(d) Correction factor for cylinder barrel
(i) The temperatures must be stabilized under the conditions...
(c) Duration of test. For each stage of
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1976; Amdt. 27-14, 43 FR 2325, Jan. 16, 1978]
Section 27.1045
(a) General. For each stage of flight,
(b) Temperature stabilization. For the
1988]
Section 27.1091
(a) The air induction system for each
(b) Each cold air induction system
(c) If fuel can accumulate in any air
(d) For turbine engine powered rotorcraft - 
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 57 -   PAGE

Section 27.1121
1968; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988]
Section 27.1093 Induction system icing protection.
(a) Reciprocating engines. Each reciprocating engine air ind...
(i) 100 degrees F.; or
(b) Turbine engine. (1) It must be
(i) Without accumulating ice on engine or inlet system compo...
30 minutes on the ground, with the air
(c) Supercharged reciprocating engines.
1976; Amdt. 27-12, 42 FR 15045, Mar. 17, 1977;
27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988]
Section 27.1121
(a) There must be means for thermal
(b) There must be means to prevent
(c) Exhaust gases must discharge
(d) Each exhaust system part with a
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 58 -   PAGE

Section 27.1123
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(e) Exhaust gases may not impair
(f) If significant traps exist, each turbine engine exhaust ...
(g) Each exhaust heat exchanger
1977]
Section 27.1123
1977; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988;
Section 27.1143
(a) Exhaust piping must be heat and
(b) Exhaust piping must be supported
(c) Exhaust piping connected to components between which rel...
Section 27.1141
(i) Is in the fully open or fully closed
(e) For turbine engine powered rotorcraft, no single failure...
(a) Powerplant controls must be located and arranged under S...
(b) Each flexible powerplant control
(c) Each control must be able to
(d) Controls of powerplant valves required for safety must h...
(a) There must be a separate power
(b) Power controls must be grouped
...

Page 59 -   PAGE

Section 27.1145
Section 27.1185
(a) There must be means to quickly
(b) Each group of ignition switches,
1977]
Section 27.1147
(a) Separate control of each engine;
(b) Simultaneous control of all engines.
Section 27.1151
(a) It must be impossible to apply the
(b) There must be means to warn the
Section 27.1183 Lines, fittings, and components.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, each line, fitting,
(b) Paragraph (a) does not apply to - 
(c) Each flammable fluid drain and
1967; Amdt. 27-9, 39 FR 35462, Oct. 1, 1974;
Section 27.1163
Section 27.1185
(a) Each engine-mounted accessory
(b) Unless other means are provided,
...

Page 60 -   PAGE

Section 27.1187
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(d) Absorbent materials close to
1968; Amdt. 27-11, 41 FR 55470, Dec. 20, 1976;
Section 27.1187
(a) Effective under conditions expected to prevail when drai...
(b) Arranged so that no discharged
Section 27.1189
(a) There must be means to shut off
500 cu. in. displacement.
(b) There must be means to guard
(c) Each shutoff valve and its control
1968; Amdt. 27-20, 49 FR 6850, Feb. 23, 1984;
Section 27.1191 Firewalls.
(a) Each engine, including the combustor, turbine, and tailp...
(b) Each auxiliary power unit and
(c) In meeting paragraphs (a) and (b)
(d) Each firewall and shroud must be
(e) Each opening in the firewall or
(f) Each firewall and shroud must be
1968]
...

Page 61 -   PAGE

Section 27.1305
(f) A means of retaining each openable or readily removable ...
1988]
Section 27.1194
Section 27.1195
Subpart F - Equipment
Section 27.1301
(a) Be of a kind and design appropriate to its intended func...
(b) Be labeled as to its identification,
(c) Be installed according to limitations specified for that...
(d) Function properly when installed.
Section 27.1303 Flight and navigation instruments.
(a) An airspeed indicator.
(b) An altimeter.
(c) A magnetic direction indicator.
Section 27.1305
(a) A carburetor air temperature indicator, for each engine ...
(b) A cylinder head temperature indicator, for each - 
(c) A fuel pressure indicator, for each
(d) A fuel quantity indicator, for each
(e) A manifold pressure indicator, for
...

Page 62 -   PAGE

Section 27.1307
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(m) Means to indicate to the
Section 27.955.
(n) A gas temperature indicator for
(o) Means to enable the pilot to determine the torque of eac...
(p) For each turbine engine, an indicator to indicate the fu...
(q) An indicator for the fuel filter required by Section 27....
(r) For each turbine engine, a warning means for the oil str...
(s) An indicator to indicate the functioning of any selectab...
(t) For rotorcraft for which a 30-second/2-minute OEI power ...
(u) For each turbine engine utilizing
30-second/2-minute OEI power, a device
(v) Warning or caution devices to signal to the flight crew ...
1974; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988;
27-37, 64 FR 45095, Aug. 18, 1999; 64 FR 47563,
Section 27.1307
(a) An approved seat for each occupant.
(b) An approved safety belt for each
(c) A master switch arrangement.
(d) An adequate source of electrical
...

Page 63 -   PAGE

Section 27.1321
(b) For rotorcraft approved for instrument flight rules oper...
33135, June 8, 2011]
Section 27.1317 High-intensity
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(d) of this section, each electrical and
(b) Each electrical and electronic
(c) Each electrical and electronic system that performs a fu...
(d) Before December 1, 2012, an electrical or electronic sys...
2007]
Section 27.1321
(a) Each flight, navigation, and powerplant instrument for u...
(b) For each multiengine rotorcraft,
(c) Instrument panel vibration may
(d) If a visual indicator is provided to
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 64 -   PAGE

Section 27.1322
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
27-13, 42 FR 36971, July 18, 1977]
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1977]
Section 27.1325
Section 27.1322 Warning, caution, and advisory lights.
(a) Red, for warning lights (lights indicating a hazard whic...
(b) Amber, for caution lights (lights
(c) Green, for safe operation lights;
(d) Any other color, including white,
(a) through (c) of this section, provided
Section 27.1323
(a) Each airspeed indicating instrument must be calibrated t...
(b) The airspeed indicating system
(c) At each forward speed above 80
(a) Each instrument with static air
(b) Each static pressure port must be
...

Page 65 -   PAGE

Section 27.1337
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1977]
Section 27.1327
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section - 
(b) A magnetic nonstabilized direction indicator may deviate...
10 degrees due to the operation of electrically powered syst...
Section 27.1547(e).
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
Section 27.1329
(a) Each automatic pilot system
(b) Unless there is automatic synchronization, each system m...
(c) Each manually operated control
(d) The system must be designed and
(e) If the automatic pilot integrates
(f) If the automatic pilot system can
1998]
Section 27.1335
...

Page 66 -   PAGE

Section 27.1351
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) Fuel quantity indicator. Each fuel
Section 27.959;
(c) Fuel flowmeter system. If a fuel
(d) Oil quantity indicator. There must
(e) Rotor drive system transmissions
1977; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988;
Section 27.1351 General.
(a) Electrical system capacity. Electrical equipment must be...
(b) Function. For each electrical system, the following appl...
(i) Free from hazards in itself, in its
(c) Generating system. There must be
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 67 -   PAGE

Section 27.1357
(d) Instruments. There must be means
(e) External power. If provisions are
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1976; Amdt. 27-13, 42 FR 36972, July 18, 1977]
Section 27.1353 Storage battery design and
(a) Each storage battery must be designed and installed as p...
(b) Safe cell temperatures and pressures must be maintained ...
(c) Compliance with paragraph (b) of
(d) No explosive or toxic gases emitted by any battery in no...
(e) No corrosive fluids or gases that
(f) Each nickel cadmium battery installation capable of bein...
(g) Nickel cadmium battery installations capable of being us...
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1977; Amdt. 27-14, 43 FR 2325, Jan. 16, 1978]
Section 27.1357 Circuit protective devices.
(a) Protective devices, such as fuses
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 68 -   PAGE

Section 27.1361
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) A protective device for a circuit
(c) Each resettable circuit protective
(d) If the ability to reset a circuit
(e) If fuses are used, there must be
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
27-13, 42 FR 36972, July 18, 1977]
Section 27.1361
(a) There must be a master switch arrangement to allow ready...
(b) Load circuits may be connected so
(c) The master switch or its controls
Section 27.1365
(a) Each electric connecting cable
(b) Each cable that would overheat in
(c) Insulation on electrical wire and
1998]
Section 27.1367 Switches.
(a) Able to carry its rated current;
(b) Accessible to the crew; and
...

Page 69 -   PAGE

Section 27.1389
27.1397.
(b) Forward position lights. Forward
(c) Rear position light. The rear position light must be a w...
(d) Circuit. The two forward position
(e) Light covers and color filters. Each
Section 27.1387 Position light system dihedral angles.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph
(e) of this section, each forward and
(b) Dihedral angle L (left) is formed
(c) Dihedral angle R (right) is formed
(d) Dihedral angle A (aft) is formed
(e) If the rear position light, when
1971]
Section 27.1389 Position light distribution
(a) General. the intensities prescribed
(b) Forward and rear position lights.
Section 27.1391 for the corresponding angles in
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 70 -   PAGE

Section 27.1391
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.1391 Minimum intensities in the
10Section to 10Section ...................
10Section to 20Section ...................
20Section to 110Section .................
110Section to 180Section ...............
0Section ......................................................
0Section to 5Section ..........................................
5Section to 10Section .........................................
10Section to 15Section ........................................
15Section to 20Section ........................................
20Section to 30Section ........................................
30Section to 40Section ........................................
40Section to 90Section ........................................
1.00
0.90
...

Page 71 -   PAGE

Section 27.1411
(b) Externally hung lights may be
1968]
(a) General. If certification for night
(b) Field of coverage. The system must
30 degrees below the horizontal plane of
(c) Flashing characteristics. The arrangement of the system,...
(d) Color. Each anticollision light
(e) Light intensity. The minimum
0.2 + (t 2  -  t1 )
(f) Minimum effective intensities for
0Section to 5Section ..........................................
5Section to 10Section .........................................
10Section to 20Section ........................................
20Section to 30Section ........................................
1971; Amdt. 27-10, 41 FR 5290, Feb. 5, 1976]
...

Page 72 -   PAGE

Section 27.1413
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
Section 27.1413 Safety belts.
1978; Amdt. 27-21, 49 FR 44435, Nov. 6, 1984]
Section 27.1415 Ditching equipment.
(a) Emergency flotation and signaling equipment required by ...
(b) Each raft and each life preserver
(c) Each raft released automatically
(d) Each signaling device must be
1976]
Section 27.1419 Ice protection.
(a) To obtain certification for flight
(b) It must be demonstrated that the
(c) In addition to the analysis and
(d) The ice protection provisions of
(e) A means must be indentified or
Section 27.1435
(a) Design. Each hydraulic system
(b) Tests. Each system must be substantiated by proof pressu...
(c) Accumulators. No hydraulic accumulator or pressurized re...
Section 27.1457
...

Page 73 -   PAGE

Section 27.1457
(b) The recording requirements of
(c) Each cockpit voice recorder must
(i) Each microphone, headset, or
(d) Each cockpit voice recorder must
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 74 -   PAGE

Section 27.1459
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) That provides 10 Section1 minutes of
(e) The record container must be located and mounted to mini...
(f) If the cockpit voice recorder has a
(g) Each recorder container must be
(h) When both a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data rec...
2008; 74 FR 32800, July 9, 2009; Amdt. 27-45, 75
Section 27.1459 Flight data recorders.
(a) Each flight recorder required by
27.1327 of this part, as applicable;
(b) Each nonejectable recorder container must be located and...
(c) A correlation must be established
(d) Each recorder container must:
(e) When both a cockpit voice recorder and a flight data rec...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 75 -   PAGE

Section 27.1505
2008; 74 FR 32800, July 9, 2009; Amdt. 27-45, 75
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
Section 27.1461 Equipment containing high
(a) Equipment containing high energy rotors must meet paragr...
(c), or (d) of this section.
(b) High energy rotors contained in
(c) It must be shown by test that
(d) Equipment containing high energy rotors must be located ...
Subpart G - Operating Limitations
Section 27.1501
(a) Each operating limitation specified in SectionSection 27...
(b) The operating limitations and
Section 27.1503 Airspeed limitations: general.
(a) An operating speed range must be
(b) When airspeed limitations are a
Section 27.1505 Never-exceed speed.
(a) The never-exceed speed, VNE, must
(i) 0.9 times the maximum forward
(b) VNE may vary with altitude,
...

Page 76 -   PAGE

Section 27.1509
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) A constant airspeed;
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
27-21, 49 FR 44435, Nov. 6, 1984]
Section 27.1509
(a) Maximum power-off (autorotation).
(b) Minimum power off. The minimum
(c) Minimum power on. The minimum
(i) The minimum shown during the
Section 27.1519
27.27, respectively, must be established
1984]
Section 27.1521
(a) General. The powerplant limitations prescribed in this s...
(b) Takeoff operation. The powerplant
(i) The maximum value determined
(b)(3) of this section exceeds two minutes, the maximum allo...
(c) Continuous operation. The continuous operation must be l...
(i) The maximum value determined
...

Page 77 -   PAGE

Section 27.1521
(i) The torque that the rotor drive
(f) Ambient temperature. For turbine
(g) Two and one-half-minute OEI power
21-2-minute OEI power must also be limited by - 
(i) The maximum value determined
(h) Thirty-minute OEI power operation.
30-minute OEI power must be limited
(i) The maximum value determined
(i) Continuous OEI power operation.
(i) The maximum value determined
(j) Rated 30-second OEI power operation. Rated 30-second OEI...
Section A33.4 of appendix A of part 33.
(i) The maximum value determined
(k) Rated 2-minute OEI power operation. Rated 2-minute OEI p...
Section A33.4 of appendix A of part 33.
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 78 -   PAGE

Section 27.1523
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(i) The maximum value determined
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1978; Amdt. 27-23, 53 FR 34214, Sept. 2, 1988;
Section 27.1523
(a) The workload on individual crewmembers;
(b) The accessibility and ease of operation of necessary con...
(c) The kinds of operation authorized
Section 27.1525
Section 27.1527
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
Section 27.1529 Instructions for Continued
Section 27.1541 General.
(a) The rotorcraft must contain - 
(b) Each marking and placard prescribed in paragraph (a) of ...
Section 27.1543 Instrument markings: general.
(a) When markings are on the cover
(b) Each arc and line must be wide
...

Page 79 -   PAGE

Section 27.1555
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1978; 43 FR 3900, Jan. 30, 1978; Amdt. 27-16, 43
Section 27.1547 Magnetic direction indicator.
(a) A placard meeting the requirements of this section must ...
(b) The placard must show the calibration of the instrument ...
(c) The placard must state whether
(d) Each calibration reading must be
(e) If a magnetic nonstabilized direction indicator can have...
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1977]
Section 27.1549 Powerplant instruments.
(a) Each maximum and, if applicable,
(b) Each normal operating range
(c) Each takeoff and precautionary
(d) Each engine or propeller range
(e) Each OEI limit or approved operating range must be marke...
1988; Amdt. 27-29, 59 FR 47768, Sept. 16, 1994]
Section 27.1551
...

Page 80 -   PAGE

Section 27.1557
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(d) For accessory, auxiliary, and
(e) For rotorcraft incorporating retractable landing gear, t...
1976; Amdt. 27-21, 49 FR 44435, Nov. 6, 1984]
Section 27.1557 Miscellaneous markings and
(a) Baggage and cargo compartments,
(b) Seats. If the maximum allowable
(c) Fuel and oil filler openings. The following apply:
(i) The word  - fuel - ;
(d) Emergency exit placards. Each
1976]
Section 27.1559
Section 27.1561
(a) Each safety equipment control to
(b) Each location, such as a locker or
Section 27.1565
Section 27.1581
(a) Furnishing information. A Rotorcraft Flight Manual must ...
(b) Approved information. Each part of
27.1589, that is appropriate to the rotorcraft, must be furn...
...

Page 81 -   PAGE

Section 27.1585
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
Section 27.1583 Operating limitations.
(a) Airspeed and rotor limitations. Information necessary fo...
(b) Powerplant limitations. The following information must b...
(c) Weight and loading distribution.
(d) Flight crew. When a flight crew of
(e) Kinds of operation. Each kind of
(f) [Reserved]
(g) Altitude. The altitude established
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
(b) For multiengine rotorcraft, information identifying each...
(c) For helicopters for which a VNE
Section 27.1505(c), information must be furnished to explain...
(d) For each rotorcraft showing compliance with Section 27.1...
(e) If the unusable fuel supply in any
(f) Information on the total quantity
(g) The airspeeds and rotor speeds for
1968; Amdt. 27-14, 43 FR 2325, Jan. 16, 1978;
...

Page 82 -   PAGE

Section 27.1587
Section 27.1587
14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(a) The Rotorcraft Flight Manual
(d):
(i) The steady rates of climb and descent, in-ground effect ...
Section 27.71.
(b) The Rotorcraft Flight Manual
Section 27.65(a)(2)(i).
1421, 1423, 1424, and 1425); and sec. 6(c) of the
1655(c)))
1978; Amdt. 27-21, 49 FR 44435, Nov. 6, 1984;
33876, June 16, 2008]
Section 27.1589
(a) This appendix specifies requirements
(b) The Instructions for Continued Airworthiness for each ro...
(c) The applicant must submit to the FAA
(a) The Instructions for Continued Airworthiness must be in ...
(b) The format of the manual or manuals
12:50 Apr 30, 2019
...

Page 83 -   PAGE

(a) Rotorcraft maintenance manual or section.
(b) Maintenance instructions. (1) Scheduling
(c) Diagrams of structural access plates
(d) Details for the application of special inspection techni...
(e) Information needed to apply protective
(f) All data relative to structural fasteners
(g) A list of special tools needed.
1989; Amdt. 27-47, 76 FR 74663, Dec. 1, 2011]
(b) VNEI means instrument flight never exceed speed, utilize...
(c) VMINI means instrument flight minimum speed, utilized in...
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 84 -   PAGE

14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
(b) For single-pilot approval:
(i) The helicopter trimmed at VYI;
(i) The helicopter trimmed and power adjusted for level flig...
1.3 VMINI or 20 knots above trim speed, whichever is greater...
(i) the helicopter trimmed and power adjusted for level flig...
(i) The helicopter trimmed at 0.8 VH or 0.8
(i) The helicopter trimmed at the recommended approach speed...
(c) Helicopters approved for a minimum
(b) During sideslips up to Section10Section from trim
(b) For helicopters approved with a minimum crew of two pilo...
(a) If a SAS is used, the reliability of the
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 85 -   PAGE

(i) The controllability and maneuverability requirements in ...
(b) The SAS must be designed so that it
(a) Flight and Navigation Instruments. (1) A
(b) Miscellaneous requirements. (1) Instrument systems and o...
(i) Only the required flight instruments for
(a) Limitations. The approved IFR flight envelope, the IFR f...
(b) Procedures. Required information for
(c) Performance. If VYI differs from VY,
2008; Amdt. 27-46, 76 FR 33135, June 8, 2011]
12:50 Apr 30, 2019

Page 86 -   PAGE

14 CFR Ch. I (1-1-19 Edition)
29.45(a) and (b)(2) - General.
29.49(a) - Performance at minimum operating
29.51 - Takeoff data: General.
29.53 - Takeoff: Category A.
29.55 - Takeoff decision point: Category A.
29.59 - Takeoff Path: Category A.
29.60 - Elevated heliport takeoff path: Category A.
29.61 - Takeoff distance: Category A.
29.62 - Rejected takeoff: Category A.
29.64 - Climb: General.
29.65(a) - Climb: AEO.
29.67(a) - Climb: OEI.
29.75 - Landing: General.
29.77 - Landing decision point: Category A.
29.79 - Landing: Category A.
29.81 - Landing distance (Ground level sites):
29.85 - Balked landing: Category A.
29.87(a) - Height-velocity envelope.
29.547(a) and (b) - Main and tail rotor structure.
29.861(a) - Fire protection of structure, controls, and othe...
...

Page 87 -   PAGE

10 kHz-100 kHz ................................
100 kHz-400 MHz .............................
400 MHz-700 MHz ...........................
700 MHz-1 GHz ................................
1 GHz-2 GHz ....................................
2 GHz-4 GHz ....................................
4 GHz-6 GHz ....................................
6 GHz-8 GHz ....................................
8 GHz-12 GHz ..................................
12 GHz-18 GHz ................................
18 GHz-40 GHz ................................
1,400
5,000
6,000
7,200
1,100
5,000
2,000
...