483 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 61.185 

(iv) A flight instructor certificate 

with an instrument rating. 

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement 

from an authorized instructor on the 
fundamentals of instructing listed in 
§ 61.185 of this part appropriate to the 
required knowledge test; 

(e) Pass a knowledge test on the 

areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part, 
unless the applicant: 

(1) Holds a flight instructor certifi-

cate or ground instructor certificate 
issued under this part; 

(2) Holds a teacher’s certificate 

issued by a State, county, city, or mu-
nicipality that authorizes the person to 
teach at an educational level of the 7th 
grade or higher; or 

(3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac-

credited college or university. 

(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero-

nautical knowledge areas listed in 
§ 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that 
are appropriate to the flight instructor 
rating sought; 

(g) Receive a logbook endorsement 

from an authorized instructor on the 
areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of 
this part, appropriate to the flight in-
structor rating sought; 

(h) Pass the required practical test 

that is appropriate to the flight in-
structor rating sought in an: 

(1) Aircraft that is representative of 

the category and class of aircraft for 
the aircraft rating sought; or 

(2) Flight simulator or approved 

flight training device that is represent-
ative of the category and class of air-
craft for the rating sought, and used in 
accordance with a course at a training 
center certificated under part 142 of 
this chapter. 

(i) Accomplish the following for a 

flight instructor certificate with an 
airplane or a glider rating: 

(1) Receive a logbook endorsement 

from an authorized instructor indi-
cating that the applicant is competent 
and possesses instructional proficiency 
in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, 
and spin recovery procedures after pro-
viding the applicant with flight train-
ing in those training areas in an air-
plane or glider, as appropriate, that is 
certificated for spins; and 

(2) Demonstrate instructional pro-

ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, 
spins, and spin recovery procedures. 

However, upon presentation of the en-
dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) 
of this section an examiner may accept 
that endorsement as satisfactory evi-
dence of instructional proficiency in 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and 
spin recovery procedures for the prac-
tical test, provided that the practical 
test is not a retest as a result of the ap-
plicant failing the previous test for de-
ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or 
spin recovery instructional procedures. 
If the retest is a result of deficiencies 
in the ability of an applicant to dem-
onstrate knowledge or skill of stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re-
covery instructional procedures, the 
examiner must test the person on stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin 
recovery instructional procedures in an 
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that 
is certificated for spins; 

(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in 

command in the category and class of 
aircraft that is appropriate to the 
flight instructor rating sought; and 

(k) Comply with the appropriate sec-

tions of this part that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought. 

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; 
Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] 

§ 61.185

Aeronautical knowledge. 

(a) A person who is applying for a 

flight instructor certificate must re-
ceive and log ground training from an 
authorized instructor on: 

(1) Except as provided in paragraph 

(b) of this section, the fundamentals of 
instructing, including: 

(i) The learning process; 
(ii) Elements of effective teaching; 
(iii) Student evaluation and testing; 
(iv) Course development; 
(v) Lesson planning; and 
(vi) Classroom training techniques. 
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for a recreational, private, and com-
mercial pilot certificate applicable to 
the aircraft category for which flight 
instructor privileges are sought; and 

(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas 

for the instrument rating applicable to 
the category for which instrument 
flight instructor privileges are sought. 

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