745 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.313 

(ii) A safety link is installed at the 

point of attachment of the towline to 
the towing aircraft with a breaking 
strength greater, but not more than 25 
percent greater, than that of the safety 
link at the towed glider or unpowered 
ultralight vehicle end of the towline 
and not greater than twice the max-
imum certificated operating weight of 
the glider or unpowered ultralight ve-
hicle; 

(4) Before conducting any towing op-

eration within the lateral boundaries 
of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, 
Class D, or Class E airspace designated 
for an airport, or before making each 
towing flight within such controlled 
airspace if required by ATC, the pilot 
in command notifies the control tower. 
If a control tower does not exist or is 
not in operation, the pilot in command 
must notify the FAA flight service sta-
tion serving that controlled airspace 
before conducting any towing oper-
ations in that airspace; and 

(5) The pilots of the towing aircraft 

and the glider or unpowered ultralight 
vehicle have agreed upon a general 
course of action, including takeoff and 
release signals, airspeeds, and emer-
gency procedures for each pilot. 

(b) No pilot of a civil aircraft may in-

tentionally release a towline, after re-
lease of a glider or unpowered ultra-
light vehicle, in a manner that endan-
gers the life or property of another. 

[Doc. No. 18834, 54 FR 34308, Aug. 18, 1989, as 
amended by Amdt. 91–227, 56 FR 65661, Dec. 
17, 1991; Amdt. 91–282, 69 FR 44880, July 27, 
2004] 

§ 91.311

Towing: Other than under 

§ 91.309. 

No pilot of a civil aircraft may tow 

anything with that aircraft (other than 
under § 91.309) except in accordance 
with the terms of a certificate of waiv-
er issued by the Administrator. 

§ 91.313

Restricted category civil air-

craft: Operating limitations. 

(a) No person may operate a re-

stricted category civil aircraft— 

(1) For other than the special purpose 

for which it is certificated; or 

(2) In an operation other than one 

necessary to accomplish the work ac-
tivity directly associated with that 
special purpose. 

(b) For the purpose of paragraph (a) 

of this section, operating a restricted 
category civil aircraft to provide flight 
crewmember training in a special pur-
pose operation for which the aircraft is 
certificated is considered to be an oper-
ation for that special purpose. 

(c) No person may operate a re-

stricted category civil aircraft car-
rying persons or property for com-
pensation or hire. For the purposes of 
this paragraph, a special purpose oper-
ation involving the carriage of persons 
or material necessary to accomplish 
that operation, such as crop dusting, 
seeding, spraying, and banner towing 
(including the carrying of required per-
sons or material to the location of that 
operation), and operation for the pur-
pose of providing flight crewmember 
training in a special purpose operation, 
are not considered to be the carriage of 
persons or property for compensation 
or hire. 

(d) No person may be carried on a re-

stricted category civil aircraft unless 
that person— 

(1) Is a flight crewmember; 
(2) Is a flight crewmember trainee; 
(3) Performs an essential function in 

connection with a special purpose oper-
ation for which the aircraft is certifi-
cated; or 

(4) Is necessary to accomplish the 

work activity directly associated with 
that special purpose. 

(e) Except when operating in accord-

ance with the terms and conditions of 
a certificate of waiver or special oper-
ating limitations issued by the Admin-
istrator, no person may operate a re-
stricted category civil aircraft within 
the United States— 

(1) Over a densely populated area; 
(2) In a congested airway; or 
(3) Near a busy airport where pas-

senger transport operations are con-
ducted. 

(f) This section does not apply to 

nonpassenger-carrying civil rotorcraft 
external-load operations conducted 
under part 133 of this chapter. 

(g) No person may operate a small re-

stricted-category civil airplane manu-
factured after July 18, 1978, unless an 
approved shoulder harness is installed 
for each front seat. The shoulder har-
ness must be designed to protect each 
occupant from serious head injury 

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