814 

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–14 Edition) 

§ 91.1095 

must be accomplished in a flight simu-
lator or in a flight training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of flight 

simulators, flight training devices, or 
both, to ensure competence to conduct 
the flight checks required by this sub-
part. 

§ 91.1095

Initial and transition train-

ing and checking: Flight instructors 
(aircraft), flight instructors (simu-
lator). 

(a) No program manager may use a 

person nor may any person serve as a 
flight instructor unless— 

(1) That person has satisfactorily 

completed initial or transition flight 
instructor training; and 

(2) Within the preceding 24 months, 

that person satisfactorily conducts in-
struction under the observation of an 
FAA inspector, a program manager 
check pilot, or an aircrew designated 
examiner employed by the program 
manager. The observation check may 
be accomplished in part or in full in an 
aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a 
flight training device. 

(b) The observation check required 

by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is 
considered to have been completed in 
the month required if completed in the 
month before, or the month after, the 
month in which it is due. 

(c) The initial ground training for 

flight instructors must include the fol-
lowing: 

(1) Flight instructor duties, func-

tions, and responsibilities. 

(2) The applicable Code of Federal 

Regulations and the program man-
ager’s policies and procedures. 

(3) The applicable methods, proce-

dures, and techniques for conducting 
flight instruction. 

(4) Proper evaluation of student per-

formance including the detection of— 

(i) Improper and insufficient train-

ing; and 

(ii) Personal characteristics of an ap-

plicant that could adversely affect 
safety. 

(5) The corrective action in the case 

of unsatisfactory training progress. 

(6) The approved methods, proce-

dures, and limitations for performing 
the required normal, abnormal, and 
emergency procedures in the aircraft. 

(7) Except for holders of a flight in-

structor certificate— 

(i) The fundamental principles of the 

teaching-learning process; 

(ii) Teaching methods and proce-

dures; and 

(iii) The instructor-student relation-

ship. 

(d) The transition ground training for 

flight instructors must include the ap-
proved methods, procedures, and limi-
tations for performing the required 
normal, abnormal, and emergency pro-
cedures applicable to the type, class, or 
category aircraft to which the flight 
instructor is in transition. 

(e) The initial and transition flight 

training for flight instructors (aircraft) 
must include the following— 

(1) The safety measures for emer-

gency situations that are likely to de-
velop during instruction; 

(2) The potential results of improper 

or untimely safety measures during in-
struction; 

(3) Training and practice from the 

left and right pilot seats in the re-
quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency maneuvers to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart; and 

(4) The safety measures to be taken 

from either the left or right pilot seat 
for emergency situations that are like-
ly to develop during instruction. 

(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) 

of this section may be accomplished in 
full or in part in flight, in a flight sim-
ulator, or in a flight training device, as 
appropriate. 

(g) The initial and transition flight 

training for a flight instructor (simu-
lator) must include the following: 

(1) Training and practice in the re-

quired normal, abnormal, and emer-
gency procedures to ensure competence 
to conduct the flight instruction re-
quired by this subpart. These maneu-
vers and procedures must be accom-
plished in full or in part in a flight sim-
ulator or in a flight training device. 

(2) Training in the operation of flight 

simulators, flight training devices, or 
both, to ensure competence to conduct 
the flight instruction required by this 
subpart. 

§ 91.1097

Pilot and flight attendant 

crewmember training programs. 

(a) Each program manager must es-

tablish and maintain an approved pilot 

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