815 

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 

§ 91.1101 

training program, and each program 
manager who uses a flight attendant 
crewmember must establish and main-
tain an approved flight attendant 
training program, that is appropriate 
to the operations to which each pilot 
and flight attendant is to be assigned, 
and will ensure that they are ade-
quately trained to meet the applicable 
knowledge and practical testing re-
quirements of §§ 91.1065 through 91.1071. 

(b) Each program manager required 

to have a training program by para-
graph (a) of this section must include 
in that program ground and flight 
training curriculums for— 

(1) Initial training; 
(2) Transition training; 
(3) Upgrade training; 
(4) Differences training; 
(5) Recurrent training; and 
(6) Requalification training. 
(c) Each program manager must pro-

vide current and appropriate study ma-
terials for use by each required pilot 
and flight attendant. 

(d) The program manager must fur-

nish copies of the pilot and flight at-
tendant crewmember training program, 
and all changes and additions, to the 
assigned representative of the Admin-
istrator. If the program manager uses 
training facilities of other persons, a 
copy of those training programs or ap-
propriate portions used for those facili-
ties must also be furnished. Curricula 
that follow FAA published curricula 
may be cited by reference in the copy 
of the training program furnished to 
the representative of the Adminis-
trator and need not be furnished with 
the program. 

§ 91.1099

Crewmember initial and re-

current training requirements. 

No program manager may use a per-

son, nor may any person serve, as a 
crewmember in operations under this 
subpart unless that crewmember has 
completed the appropriate initial or re-
current training phase of the training 
program appropriate to the type of op-
eration in which the crewmember is to 
serve since the beginning of the 12th 
month before that service. 

§ 91.1101

Pilots: Initial, transition, and 

upgrade ground training. 

Initial, transition, and upgrade 

ground training for pilots must include 
instruction in at least the following, as 
applicable to their duties: 

(a) General subjects— 
(1) The program manager’s flight lo-

cating procedures; 

(2) Principles and methods for deter-

mining weight and balance, and run-
way limitations for takeoff and land-
ing; 

(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a 

practical knowledge of weather phe-
nomena, including the principles of 
frontal systems, icing, fog, thunder-
storms, windshear and, if appropriate, 
high altitude weather situations; 

(4) Air traffic control systems, proce-

dures, and phraseology; 

(5) Navigation and the use of naviga-

tional aids, including instrument ap-
proach procedures; 

(6) Normal and emergency commu-

nication procedures; 

(7) Visual cues before and during de-

scent below Decision Altitude or MDA; 
and 

(8) Other instructions necessary to 

ensure the pilot’s competence. 

(b) For each aircraft type— 
(1) A general description; 
(2) Performance characteristics; 
(3) Engines and propellers; 
(4) Major components; 
(5) Major aircraft systems (that is, 

flight controls, electrical, and hydrau-
lic), other systems, as appropriate, 
principles of normal, abnormal, and 
emergency operations, appropriate pro-
cedures and limitations; 

(6) Knowledge and procedures for— 
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe 

weather situations; 

(ii) Escaping from severe weather sit-

uations, in case of inadvertent encoun-
ters, including low-altitude windshear 
(except that rotorcraft pilots are not 
required to be trained in escaping from 
low-altitude windshear); 

(iii) Operating in or near thunder-

storms (including best penetration al-
titudes), turbulent air (including clear 
air turbulence), inflight icing, hail, and 
other potentially hazardous meteoro-
logical conditions; and 

(iv) Operating airplanes during 

ground icing conditions, (that is, any 

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